Flexible complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor probes for chronic, large-scale neural stimulation and recording

1. A system for performing neural stimulation and recording in the nervous system of a subject, comprising:

a flexible probe comprising a tail portion and a head portion, wherein the tail portion is configured to be inserted into a cerebral cortex of the subject; and

a single complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) chip which is included in the flexible probe;

one or more electrodes integrated into the CMOS chip; and

one or more devices configured to provide wireless powering and data telemetry.

2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising

a plurality of front-end amplifiers integrated into the tail portion, wherein each of the plurality of front-end amplifiers is configured to amplify a signal received from a corresponding electrode of the one or more electrodes,

wherein the one or more devices comprises one or more inductors which are configured to enable two-way wireless communication and adapted to be powered using a wireless external device.

3. The system of claim 2 , wherein each of the plurality of front-end amplifiers comprises two CMOS transistors, wherein a gate terminal of at least one of the two CMOS transistors is input with the signal received from the corresponding electrode of the one or more electrodes.

4. The system of claim 2 , wherein the tail portion comprises (i) a plurality of metal layers and (ii) a plurality of analog signal chain circuits, wherein each of the plurality of analog signal chain circuits comprises one of the plurality of front-end amplifiers.

5. The system of claim 4 , wherein each of the plurality of analog signal chain circuits is configured to process the signal received from the corresponding electrode of the one or more electrodes, and wherein signal outputs of at least two of the plurality of analog signal chain circuits are multiplexed, amplified, and converted into a digital signal by an analog to digital converter for transmission to the wireless reader.

6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the head portion further comprises:

data conversion circuitry configured to process signals received from each of the one or more electrodes for transmission to a wireless reader; and

power extracting circuitry configured to provide the flexible probe with energy received wirelessly from the wireless reader by the flexible probe by rectifying and boosting the received energy from the wireless reader,

wherein the data conversion circuitry and the power conversion circuitry are disposed under the one or more devices.

7. The system of claim 6 , wherein the data conversion circuitry comprises a data encoder circuit configured to use near-field electromagnetic backscattering in a low megahertz to low gigahertz frequency range to enable power transfer and a high megahertz to low gigahertz frequency range to enable the two-way communication between the flexible probe and the wireless reader.

8. The system of claim 6 , wherein the head portion of the flexible probe is oriented subdurally to communicate with the wireless reader.

9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more electrodes are configured to detect an action potential by identifying an adjacent electrode from the one or more electrodes recording the action potential.

10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the tail portion comprises a scalable circuit architecture in which the number of electrodes in the one or more electrodes can be scaled to provide for an electrode to neuron ratio greater than 1.

11. A system for performing neural stimulation and recording in the nervous system of a subject, comprising:

a plurality of flexible probes, at least one of the flexible probes comprising a head portion and a tail portion, the tail portion being configured to be inserted into a cerebral cortex of the subject;

a plurality of flexible pliable single complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) chips which are included in the flexible probes;

one or more electrodes integrated into each of the plurality of CMOS chips; and

one or more devices configured to provide wireless powering and data telemetry.

12. The system of claim 11 , further comprising

a plurality of front-end amplifiers, wherein each of the plurality of front-end amplifiers is configured to amplify a signal received from a corresponding electrode of the one or more electrodes; and

wherein the one or more devices comprises one or more inductors which are configured to enable two-way wireless communication and powering with a wireless reader through a near-field inductive link; and

the wireless reader is configured to provide power to the plurality of flexible probes and engage in two-way communication with each of the plurality of flexible probes.

13. The system of claim 12 , wherein different carrier frequencies are used by each of the plurality of probes to communicate with the wireless reader to prevent signal interference amongst the plurality of probes.

14. The system of claim 12 , wherein the head portion of each of the plurality of flexible probes further comprises:

data conversion circuitry configured to process signals received from each of the one or more electrodes for transmission to a wireless reader; and

power extracting circuitry configured to provide the flexible probe with energy received wirelessly from the wireless reader by the flexible probe by rectifying and boosting the received energy from the wireless reader,

wherein the data conversion circuitry and the power conversion circuitry are disposed under the one or more devices.

15. The system of claim 12 , wherein each of the plurality of front-end amplifiers of each of the plurality of flexible probes comprises two CMOS transistors, wherein a gate terminal of at least one of the two CMOS transistors is input with the signal received from the corresponding electrode of the one or more electrodes.

16. The system of claim 12 , wherein the tail portion of each of the plurality of flexible probes comprises (i) a plurality of metal layers and (ii) on which a plurality of analog signal chain circuits located, and wherein each of the plurality of analog signal chain circuits comprises one of the plurality of front-end amplifiers.

17. The system of claim 16 , wherein each of the plurality of analog signal chain circuits of each of the plurality of flexible probes is configured to process the signal received from the corresponding electrode of the one or more electrodes, and wherein signal outputs of at least two of the plurality of analog signal chain circuits are multiplexed, amplified, and converted into a digital signal by an analog to digital converter for transmission to the wireless reader.

18. The system of claim 12 , wherein the one or more electrodes of each of the plurality of flexible probes are configured to detect an action potential in a dendritic field of the brain by identifying an adjacent electrode from the one or more electrodes in each flexible probe recording the action potential.

19. The system of claim 12 , wherein the tail portion of each of the plurality of flexible probes comprises a scalable circuit architecture in which the number of electrodes in the one or more electrodes can be scaled to provide for an electrode to neuron ratio greater than 1.

20. The system of claim 12 , wherein the head portion of each of the plurality of flexible probes is oriented subdurally to communicate with the wireless reader, and wherein the plurality of flexible probes are inserted in arbitrary locations with arbitrary orientations.

21. The system of claim 12 , wherein the plurality of flexible probes are configured to be simultaneously inserted into and coupled to a plurality of brain areas to enable a quantitative study of the coordinated activation across the plurality of brain areas.

22. A method for performing for performing neural stimulation and recording on a subject, the method comprising:

inserting a tail portion of at least one of a plurality of flexible probes into a cerebral cortex of a brain of the subject, each of the plurality of flexible probes comprising the tail portion and a head portion, wherein at least one flexible pliable complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor chip included in the at least one of the plurality of flexible probes,

wherein the tail portion comprises a plurality of front-end amplifiers, and

wherein the at least one of flexible probes comprises one or more devices configured to receive power from a wireless reader;

providing, by one or more inductors, power received from the wireless reader to the plurality of flexible probes;

receiving, at the plurality of electrodes, a plurality of signals from the brain of the subject;

amplifying, at each of the plurality of front-end amplifiers, each of the plurality of signals from a corresponding electrode of the plurality of electrodes; and

transmitting, by the one or more devices, the amplified plurality of signals to the wireless reader through a near-field inductive link.