Electroconductive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic image forming apparatus
An electroconductive member for electrophotography has an electroconductive support and an electroconductive layer in the order mentioned. The electroconductive layer has a matrix including a crosslinked product of a first rubber, and a domain including a crosslinked product of a second rubber and an electroconductive particle. The impedance of an outer surface of the electroconductive member is 1.0×10 3 to 1.0×10 8 Ω. 80% by number or more of domains observed at each of a total of nine 15-μm square observation regions, which are disposed at any three points in a thickness region from the outer surface to a specific depth on each of cross sections in a thickness direction at three points: the center of the electroconductive layer in the longitudinal direction and points at a specific distance from both edges of the electroconductive layer toward the center, satisfy specific requirements.
1. An electrophotographic electroconductive member, comprising:
an electroconductive support; and
an electroconductive layer in order, the electroconductive layer having a matrix including a crosslinked product of a first rubber, and domains including a crosslinked product of a second rubber and an electroconductive particle, wherein
an impedance is 1.0×10 3 to 1.0×10 8 Ω when a platinum electrode is provided directly on an outer surface of the electroconductive member, and an alternating voltage is applied between an outer surface of the electroconductive support and the platinum electrode at an amplitude of 1 V and a frequency of 1.0 Hz under an environment of a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 50%, and
when defining a length of the electroconductive layer in a longitudinal direction as L and defining a thickness of the electroconductive layer as T, and assuming that a 15-μm square observation region is put at arbitrary three positions in a thickness region from an outer surface of the electroconductive layer to a depth of 0.1T to 0.9T on each of cross sections in a thickness direction of the electroconductive layer at three positions: a center of the electroconductive layer in the longitudinal direction and points from both edges of the electroconductive layer toward the center by L/4, among the domains observed in each of the observation regions whose total number of mine, 80% by number or more of the domains satisfy (1) and (2):
(1) a ratio of a cross-sectional area of the electroconductive particle included in a domain to a cross-sectional area of the domain is 20% or more; and
(2) A/B is 1.00 to 1.10 when A is a peripheral length of a domain, and B is an envelope perimeter of the domain.
2. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the electroconductive layer is formed by curing a layer of a rubber composition, the rubber composition including a second rubber mixture including an electroconductive particle and a second rubber, and a first rubber.
3. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein a volume resistivity of the matrix ρm is 1.0×10 8 to 1.0×10 17 Ωcm.
4. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein an average of a maximum Feret diameter Df of the domains included in each of the domains satisfying (1) and (2) is 0.1 to 5.0 μm.
5. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein an average number of the domains present in the 15-μm square observation region is 20 to 300.
6. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the electroconductive particle to the cross-sectional area of each of the domains is 30% or less.
7. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the electroconductive particle is carbon black.
8. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 7 , wherein the carbon black has a DBP absorption number of 40 to 80 cm 3 /100 g.
9. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 7 , wherein an arithmetic average of an interwall distance of the carbon black included in each of the domains satisfying (1) and (2) C is 110 to 130 nm, and
σm/C is 0.0 to 0.3 when σm is a standard deviation, of a distribution of the interwall distance of the carbon black.
10. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein a difference in an absolute value of a solubility parameter between the first rubber and the second rubber is 0.4 to 4.0 (J/cm 3 ) 0.5 .
11. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein a volume resistivity of the matrix ρm is 1.0×10 10 to 1.0×10 17 Ωcm.
12. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein a volume resistivity of the matrix ρm is 1.0×10 12 to 1.0×10 17 Ωcm.
13. A process cartridge configured to be detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic image forming apparatus, the process cartridge for electrophotography comprising an electrophotographic electroconductive member, the electrophotographic electroconductive member comprising:
an electroconductive support; and
an electroconductive layer in order, the electroconductive layer having a matrix including a crosslinked product of a first rubber, and domains including a crosslinked product of a second rubber and an electroconductive particle, wherein
an impedance is 1.0×10 3 to 1.0×10 8 Ω when a platinum electrode is provided directly on an outer surface of the electroconductive member, and an alternating voltage is applied between an outer surface of the electroconductive support and the platinum electrode at an amplitude of 1 V and a frequency of 1.0 Hz under an environment of a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 50%, and
when defining a length of the electroconductive layer in a longitudinal direction as L and defining a thickness of the electroconductive layer as T, and assuming that a 15-μm square observation region is put at arbitrary three positions in a thickness region from an outer surface of the electroconductive layer to a depth of 0.1T to 0.9T on each of cross sections in a thickness direction of the electroconductive layer at three positions: a center of the electroconductive layer in the longitudinal direction and points from both edges of the electroconductive layer toward the center by L/4, among the domains observed in each of the observation regions whose total number of nine, 80% by number or more of the domains satisfy (1) and (2):
(1) a ratio of a cross-sectional area of the electroconductive particle included in a domain to a cross-sectional area of the domain is 20% or more; and
(2) A/B is 1.00 to 1.10 when A is a peripheral length of a domain, and B is an envelope perimeter of the domain.
14. An electrophotographic image forming apparatus comprising an electrophotographic electroconductive member, said electrophotographic electroconductive member comprising:
an electroconductive support; and
an electroconductive layer in order, the electroconductive layer having a matrix including a crosslinked product of a first rubber, and domains including a crosslinked product of a second rubber and an electroconductive particle, wherein
an impedance is 1.0×10 3 to 1.0×10 8 Ω when a platinum electrode is provided directly on an outer surface of the electroconductive member, and an alternating voltage is applied between an outer surface of the electroconductive support and the platinum electrode at an amplitude of 1 V and a frequency of 1.0 Hz under an environment of a temperature of 23° C. and a relative humidity of 50%, and
when defining a length of the electroconductive layer in a longitudinal direction as L and defining a thickness of the electroconductive layer as T, and assuming that a 15-μm square observation region is put at arbitrary three positions in a thickness region from an outer surface of the electroconductive layer to a depth of 0.1T to 0.9T on each of cross sections in a thickness direction of the electroconductive layer at three positions: a center of the electroconductive layer in the longitudinal direction and points from both edges of the electroconductive layer toward the center by L/4, among the domains observed in each of the observation region whose total number of nine, 80% by number or more of the domains satisfy (1) and (2):
(1) a ratio of a cross-sectional area of the electroconductive particle included in a domain to a cross-sectional area of the domain is 20% or more; and
(2) A/B is 1.00 to 1.10 when A is a peripheral length of a domain, and B is an envelope perimeter of the domain.