Dual low vacuum-ultrahigh vacuum system for large-scale production of micro-channel plate photomultipliers
Systems and methods for the batch production of large numbers of highly uniform multichannel-plate photomultiplier tubes (MCP-PMTs) for large-scale applications are provided. The systems and methods employ dual, nested low-vacuum (LV) and UHV processing in a rapid-cycling, small-footprint, scalable, batch-production facility that is capable of fabricating many MCP-PMTs simultaneously.
1. A system for fabricating a plurality of microchannel plate photomultiplier tube (MCP-PMT) detectors, the system comprising:
a low-vacuum vessel comprising a housing and a seal, wherein the housing and the seal define an interior volume;
a low-vacuum pumping system comprising at least one pump connected to the low-vacuum vessel, the low-vacuum pumping system configured to evacuate the interior volume of the low-vacuum vessel to a pressure in the range from 10 −5 to 10 −8 Torr;
a plurality of detector modules contained within the low-vacuum vessel, each detector module comprising:
a window;
a base, wherein the window and the base define an internal volume of the detector module; and
a microchannel-plate photomultiplier tube detector disposed within the internal volume of the detector module;
one or more heaters in thermal communication with the detector modules;
an ultrahigh-vacuum manifold connected to the internal volumes of the detector modules; and
an ultrahigh-vacuum system comprising at least one pump connected to the ultrahigh-vacuum manifold, the ultrahigh-vacuum system configured to evacuate the ultrahigh-vacuum manifold to a pressure of 10 −9 Torr or lower.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the seal is an elastomeric O-ring or an elastomeric gasket.
3. The system of claim 1 , further comprising an alkali metal vapor source connected to the ultrahigh-vacuum manifold and configured to introduce an alkali metal vapor into the internal volumes of the detector modules.
4. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:
an inert gas source connected to the ultrahigh-vacuum manifold and configured to introduce an inert gas into the internal volumes of the detector modules; and
a residual gas analyzer connected to the ultrahigh-vacuum manifold and configured to sample gases present in the internal volumes of the detector modules.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of detector modules comprises at least 100 detector modules.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of detector modules comprises at least 500 detector modules.
7. A method for fabricating a plurality of microchannel plate photomultiplier tube (MCP-PMT) detectors using a system comprising:
a low-vacuum vessel comprising a housing and a seal, wherein the housing and the seal define an interior volume;
a low-vacuum pumping system comprising at least one pump connected to the low-vacuum vessel;
a plurality of detector modules contained within the low-vacuum vessel, each detector module comprising:
a window;
a base, wherein the window and the base define an internal volume of the detector module; and
a microchannel-plate photomultiplier tube detector disposed within the internal volume of the detector module;
one or more heaters in thermal communication with the detector modules;
an ultrahigh-vacuum manifold connected to the internal volumes of the detector modules; and
an ultrahigh-vacuum system comprising at least one pump connected to the ultrahigh-vacuum manifold,
the method comprising:
placing solder into a gap between the window and the base of the detector modules or adjacent to a gap between the window and the base of the detector modules;
evacuating the internal volume of the low-vacuum vessel to a low vacuum pressure in the range from 10 −5 to 10 −8 Torr;
evacuating the ultrahigh-vacuum manifold and the internal volumes of the detector modules to an ultrahigh vacuum pressure of 10 −9 Torr or lower;
heating the detector modules to a temperature at which the solder melts to fill the gaps between the windows and the bases, while the low vacuum pressure is maintained in the internal volume of the low-vacuum vessel and the ultrahigh vacuum pressure is maintained in the internal volumes of the detector modules;
cooling the detector modules to a temperature at which the solder solidifies to form a solder seal between the windows and the bases, while the low vacuum pressure is maintained in the internal volume of the low-vacuum vessel and the ultrahigh vacuum pressure is maintained in the internal volumes of the detector modules; and
releasing the vacuum in the internal volume of the low-vacuum vessel.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the low vacuum pressure is in the range from 1×10 −5 to 1×10 −7 Torr.
9. The method of claim 7 , further comprising leak testing all or selected detector modules by introducing a tracer gas into the low-vacuum vessel while maintaining the ultrahigh-vacuum pressure in the ultrahigh vacuum manifold and the internal volumes of the detector modules.
10. The method of claim 7 , further comprising forming a photocathode material on cathode surfaces of the microchannel plate detectors while maintaining the ultrahigh-vacuum pressure in the ultrahigh vacuum manifold and the internal volumes of the detector modules.
11. The method of claim 7 , further comprising testing a performance parameter of one or more of the microchannel plate detectors.
12. The method of claim 7 , wherein fabricating the plurality of microchannel plate photomultiplier tube (MCP-PMT) detectors is conducted without heating the low vacuum vessel.