Differential circuit for background correction in electrochemical measurements

1. A method of target molecule detection comprising:

simultaneously obtaining a first signal from a first working electrode coated with a first recognition element configured to interact with a target molecule and a surface-confined electrochemically active component to generate a target-dependent signal when the target molecule interacts with the first recognition element, and a second signal from a second working electrode coated with the first recognition element and the surface-confined electrochemically active component, wherein the first working electrode and the second working electrode are in separate sample cells and the target molecule is only introduced to the cell that contains the first working electrode, further wherein the second working electrode generates a non-target dependent signal including faradaic and non-faradaic current, wherein the first signal is responsive to interaction of the first recognition element with the target molecule in a sample, and the second signal is indicative of background noise from the sample; and

generating a modified signal that is proportional to an instantaneous difference between the first and second signals, wherein the modified signal indicates an amount of the target molecule present in the sample.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising:

measuring the modified signal before introducing the target molecule to set a baseline current; and

measuring the modified signal after introducing the target molecule to generate the target-dependent signal; and

determining an amount of the target molecules in the sample based on a difference between the baseline current and the target-dependent signal.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemically active component is tethered to the surface of the first working electrode and to the surface of the second working electrode.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein simultaneously obtaining the first signal and the second signal comprises simultaneously obtaining the first and second signals by one or more of: cyclic voltammetry, pulse voltammetry, square-wave voltammetry, amperometry, chronoamperometry.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein electrochemically active component comprises: dopamine, a protein, or methylene blue.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the target molecule comprises one or more of: glucose, dopamine, an amino acid, an antibiotic, a toxin, a nucleic acids, a polynucleotide, an aptamers, a peptide, a biomarker, an antibody, a protein complex, a nanoparticle, a cell, or a virus.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is performed at a point of care.

8. An apparatus for target molecule detection comprising:

a first sample cell configured to receive a sample;

a second sample cell configured to receive the sample;

a reference electrode in communication with the first sample cell;

a counter electrode in communication with the first sample cell;

a first working electrode in communication with the first sample cell, wherein the first working electrode is coated with a first recognition element that is configured to interact with a target molecule, and the first working electrode is coated with a surface-confined electrochemically active component, and wherein the first working electrode is configured to measure a first signal responsive to interaction of the first recognition element with the target molecule;

a second working electrode in communication with the second sample cell, wherein the second working electrode is coated with the first recognition element, and the second working electrode is coated with the surface-confined electrochemically active component, and wherein the second working electrode is configured to measure a second signal indicative of background noise including faradaic and non-faradaic current from the sample when the target molecule is only introduced to the first sample cell; and

a differential amplifier circuit configured to generate a modified signal that is proportional to a difference between the first and second signals, wherein the modified signal indicates an amount of the target molecule present in the sample.

9. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the electrochemically active component is tethered to the surface of the first working electrode and to the surface of the second working electrode.

10. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the electrochemically active component comprises one of: dopamine, a protein, or methylene blue.

11. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the first recognition element is configured to interact with the target molecules comprising: glucose, dopamine, an amino acid, an antibiotic, a toxin, a nucleic acids, a polynucleotide, an aptamers, a peptide, a biomarker, an antibody, a protein complex, a nanoparticle, a cell, or a virus.

12. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the reference electrode is in communication with the both the first and the second sample cells.

13. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the counter electrode is in communication with the both the first and the second sample cells.

14. An apparatus for target molecule detection comprising:

a first sample cell configured to receive a sample;

a reference electrode in communication with the first sample cell;

a counter electrode in communication with the first sample cell;

a first working electrode in communication with the first sample cell, wherein the first working electrode is coated with a first recognition element that is configured to interact with a target molecule, and the first working electrode is coated with a surface-confined electrochemically active component, and wherein the first working electrode is configured to measure a first signal responsive to interaction of the first recognition element with the target molecule;

a second working electrode in communication with the first sample cell, wherein the second working electrode is coated with a second recognition element, and the second working electrode is coated with the surface-confined electrochemically active component, and wherein the second working electrode is configured to measure a second signal indicative of background noise including faradaic and non-faradaic current from the sample; and

a differential amplifier circuit configured to generate a modified signal that is proportional to a difference between the first and second signals, wherein the modified signal indicates an amount of the target molecule present in the sample.

15. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the electrochemically active component is tethered to the surface of the first working electrode and to the surface of the second working electrode.

16. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the electrochemically active component comprises one of: dopamine, a protein, or methylene blue.

17. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the first recognition element is configured to interact with the target molecules comprising: glucose, dopamine, an amino acid, an antibiotic, a toxin, a nucleic acids, a polynucleotide, an aptamers, a peptide, a biomarker, an antibody, a protein complex, a nanoparticle, a cell, or a virus.