Thermally disproportionated anode active material including turbostratic carbon coating

1. An electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery, the electrode material comprising composite particles, each composite particle comprising:

a primary particle comprising thermally disproportionated, metal-doped, silicon oxide; and

an envelope disposed on a surface of the primary particle, the envelope comprising turbostratic carbon having a Raman spectrum having:

a D band having a peak intensity (I D ) at wave number between 1330 cm −1 and 1360 cm −1 ;

a G band having a peak intensity (I G ); and

a 2D band having a peak intensity (I 2D ) at wave number between 2650 cm −1 and 2750 cm −1 ,

wherein:

a ratio of I D /I G ranges from greater than zero to about 0.9; and

a ratio of I 2D /I G ranges from about 0.5 to about 2.

2. The electrode material of claim 1 , wherein:

the primary particles comprise crystalline silicon domains disposed in a matrix comprising silicon dioxide; and

I G is at wave number of between 1580 cm −1 and about 1600 cm −1 .

3. The electrode material of claim 1 , wherein:

the ratio of I D /I G ranges from 0.3 to 0.7; and

the ratio of I 2D /I G ranges from 0.8 to 1.2.

4. The electrode material of claim 1 , wherein:

I D is at wave number of about 1340 cm −1 ;

I G is at wave number between 1530 cm −1 and about 1584 cm −1 ; and

I 2D is at a wave number of about 2700 cm −1 .

5. The electrode material of claim 4 , wherein the primary particles comprise SiO x particles, where 0.9<x<1.1, which are thermally disproportionated at a temperature ranging from about 1050° C. to about 1150° C.

6. The electrode material of claim 1 , wherein the primary particles comprise at least 50 weight percent of a total weight of the composite particles.

7. The electrode material of claim 1 , wherein:

the composite particles have an average particle size ranging from about 1.0 μm to about 15.0 μm; and

the primary particles comprise have an average particle size ranging from about 50 nm to about 10 μm.

8. The electrode material of claim 1 , wherein envelopes cover, on average, from about 10% to about 100% of the surface area of the primary particles.

9. An electrode comprising:

the electrode material of claim 1 ; and

a binder.

10. The electrode of claim 9 , wherein the binder comprises polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), poly(acrylic) acid, polyethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polyamides, and polyimides, polyethylene (UHMW), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polyacrylic acid (PAA), lithium polyacrylic acid (LiPAA), or mixtures thereof.

11. The electrode of claim 9 , further comprising a conductive additive selected from the group consisting of carbon black, carbon nanotubes, an electrically conductive polymer, graphite, a metallic powder, nickel, aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, and any combination thereof.

12. A lithium secondary battery comprising:

an anode comprising the electrode of claim 9 ;

a cathode;

a casing housing the anode and cathode; and

an electrolyte disposed between the anode and cathode.

13. The battery of claim 12 , wherein the battery has a first cycle coulombic efficiency of at least 78%, when cycled using a 0.05 C constant current constant voltage (CCCV) charge and discharge protocol between 1.50-0.02V vs. Li/Li + .

14. An electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery, the electrode material comprising composite particles, each composite particle comprising:

a primary particle comprising thermally disproportionated, metalized silicon oxide; and

an envelope disposed on a surface of the primary particle, the envelope comprising turbostratic carbon having a Raman spectrum having:

a D band having a peak intensity (I D ) at wave number between 1330 cm −1 and 1360 cm −1 ;

a G band having a peak intensity (I G ) at wave number between 1580 cm −1 and 1600 cm −1 ; and

a 2D band having a peak intensity (I 2D ) at wave number between 2650 cm −1 and 2750 cm −1 ,

wherein:

a ratio of I D /I G ranges from greater than zero to about 1.1; and

a ratio of I 2D /I G ranges from about 0.4 to about 2.