Methods and compositions for the catalytic upgrading of alcohols
Compositions and methods of use related to metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and/or nanoparticles are generally described. In some embodiments, methods and compositions for the catalytic upgrading of alcohols using MOFs and/or nanoparticles associated with MOFs are generally described. In some embodiments, a catalytic MOF composition is provided, wherein the MOF composition comprises a MOF compound and a plurality of metal catalytic compounds. In some embodiments, an alcohol may be exposed to the MOF composition and/or a plurality of nanoparticles associated with the MOF composition such that the alcohol is converted to a higher order alcohol. Advantageously, in some embodiments, the alcohol conversion occurs at a relatively high turnover frequency and/or with a relatively high selectivity as compared to traditional methods for converting alcohols.
1. A composition, comprising:
(a) a metal-organic framework (MOF) compound comprising: (i) a plurality of divalent cobalt ions; and/or (ii) a plurality of divalent nickel ions, wherein the MOF compound further comprises a plurality of ligands, wherein each ligand of the plurality of ligands comprises at least one N-substituted aromatic group, and wherein the plurality of divalent cobalt ions and/or the plurality of divalent nickel ions are coordinated with at least one ligand of the plurality of ligands;
(b) a plurality of metal catalytic compounds, wherein the plurality of metal catalytic compounds comprise ruthenium; and
(c) an alloy comprising: (i) ruthenium metal atoms resulting from reduction of at least a portion of the ruthenium of the plurality of metal catalytic compounds; and (ii) cobalt metal atoms resulting from reduction of at least a portion of the plurality of divalent cobalt ions of the MOF compound; and/or nickel metal atoms resulting from reduction of at least a portion of the plurality of divalent nickel ions of the MOF compound.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the alloy comprises ruthenium metal atoms resulting from reduction of at least the portion of the ruthenium of the plurality of metal catalytic compounds and cobalt metal atoms resulting from reduction of at least the portion of the plurality of divalent cobalt ions of the MOF compound.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the alloy comprises ruthenium metal atoms resulting from reduction of at least the portion of the ruthenium of the plurality of metal catalytic compounds and nickel metal atoms resulting from reduction of at least the portion of the plurality of divalent nickel ions of the MOF compound.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the alloy comprises: (i) Ru- and Co-containing nanoparticles; and/or (ii) Ru- and Ni-containing nanoparticles.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein each ligand comprises at least one pyrazole group.
6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein each ligand comprises at least two pyrazole groups.
7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein each ligand has the structure:
wherein:
B is an optionally substituted aromatic or heterocyclic core;
each R 1 is the same or different and is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, —NO 2 , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —NC, —SO 3 R′, —SO 3 H, —OR′, —OH, —SR′, —SH, —PO 3 R′, —PO 3 H, —CF 3 , —NR′ 2 , —NHR′, and —NH 2 ; and
each R′ is the same or different and is optionally substituted alkyl or optionally substituted aryl.
8. The composition of claim 7 , wherein each ligand has the structure:
wherein:
each R 1 is the same or different and is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, —NO 2 , —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —NC, —SO 3 R′, —SO 3 H, —OR′, —OH, —SR′, —SH, —PO 3 R′, —PO 3 H, —CF 3 , —NR′ 2 , —NHR′, and —NH 2 , and
each R′ is the same or different and is optionally substituted alkyl or optionally substituted aryl.
9. The composition of claim 7 , wherein each R 1 is the same and is optionally substituted alkyl.
10. The composition of claim 7 , wherein each R 1 is the same and is unsubstituted alkyl.
11. The composition of claim 7 , wherein each R 1 is the same and is methyl.
12. The composition of claim 7 , wherein Ring B is optionally substituted arylene.
13. The composition of claim 7 , wherein each ligand has the structure:
14. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of metal catalytic compounds comprise Ru- and Co-containing nanoparticles.
15. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of metal catalytic compounds comprise Ru- and Ni-containing nanoparticles.
16. The composition of claim 1 , where the composition is a catalytic composition.
17. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the MOF compound comprises a plurality of pores.
18. The composition of claim 17 , wherein at least portion of the plurality of metal catalytic compounds are contained in the plurality of pores.
19. A method, comprising:
exposing the composition of claim 1 to ethanol; and
converting ethanol to 1-butanol.