Methods of removing contaminants from a solution, and related systems
A method of removing contaminants from a solution comprises passing a solution including one or more contaminants through a first cell comprising a first anode chamber and a first cathode chamber, passing a slurry comprising a flowing electrode material through the first anode chamber and the first cathode chamber while applying an electric potential between the first anode chamber and the first cathode chamber to transport anions from the solution to the first anode chamber and to transport cations from the solution to the first cathode chamber, the flowing electrode material comprising a MXene material, wherein M is a metal and X is one or both of carbon and nitrogen, and passing the slurry through a second cell to desorb the anions and cations from the flowing electrode material. Related systems for removing contaminants from a solution, and related methods are disclosed.
1. A method of removing contaminants from a solution, the method comprising:
passing a solution including one or more contaminants through a first cell comprising a first anode chamber and a first cathode chamber;
passing a slurry comprising a suspension of a flowing electrode material suspended in an aqueous solution through the first anode chamber and the first cathode chamber while applying an electric potential between the first anode chamber and the first cathode chamber to transport anions from the solution to the first anode chamber and to transport cations from the solution to the first cathode chamber and remove the one or more contaminants from the solution, the flowing electrode material comprising a MXene material suspended in the aqueous solution, wherein M is a metal and X is one or both of carbon and nitrogen, and wherein the MXene material comprises n+1 layers of the metal and n layers of one or both of the carbon and nitrogen; and
passing the slurry through a second cell to desorb the anions and cations from the flowing electrode material.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein transporting anions from the solution to the first anode chamber and transporting cations from the solution to the first cathode chamber comprises adsorbing the anions and the cations on the flowing electrode material.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein passing a solution including one or more contaminants through a first cell comprising a first anode chamber and a first cathode chamber comprises passing a solution comprising ammonia through the first cell.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein passing a slurry comprising a suspension of a flowing electrode material suspended in an aqueous solution through the first anode chamber and the first cathode chamber comprises passing the slurry comprising the suspension of the flowing electrode material comprising titanium carbide or vanadium carbide suspended in the aqueous solution through the first anode chamber and the first cathode chamber.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein passing a slurry comprising a suspension of a flowing electrode material suspended in an aqueous solution through the first anode chamber and the first cathode chamber comprises passing the slurry comprising a suspension of from about 0.01 weight percent to about 10.0 weight percent of the MXene material suspended in the aqueous solution through the first anode chamber and the first cathode chamber.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein passing a slurry comprising a suspension of a flowing electrode material suspended in an aqueous solution through the first anode chamber and the first cathode chamber comprises passing the slurry comprising the suspension of the flowing electrode material suspended in the aqueous solution through the first anode chamber having the same material composition as the flowing electrode material flowing through the first cathode chamber.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein passing the slurry through a second cell comprises passing the slurry through a second cell comprising a second anode chamber and a second cathode chamber while applying an electric potential between the second anode chamber and the second cathode chamber.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein applying an electric potential between the second anode chamber and the second cathode chamber comprises applying an electric potential having an opposite polarity as the electric potential applied between the first anode chamber and the first cathode chamber.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein passing the slurry through a second cell comprises passing the slurry through the second cell simultaneously with passing the slurry through the first anode chamber and the first cathode chamber.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising flowing a stripping solution through the second cell while flowing the slurry through the second cell.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein passing a solution including one or more contaminants through a first cell comprising a first anode chamber and a first cathode chamber comprises passing a solution comprising heavy metals through the first cell.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein passing a solution including one or more contaminants through a first cell comprising a first anode chamber and a first cathode chamber comprises passing saltwater through the first cell.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein passing a slurry comprising a suspension of a flowing electrode material suspended in an aqueous solution through the first anode chamber and the first cathode chamber comprises passing a first slurry comprising a suspension of a first flowing electrode material suspended in a first aqueous solution through the first anode chamber and passing a second slurry comprising a suspension of a second flowing electrode material suspended in a second aqueous solution through the first cathode chamber, the second slurry physically isolated from the first slurry.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein passing a slurry comprising a suspension of a flowing electrode material suspended in an aqueous solution through the first anode chamber and the first cathode chamber comprises passing the slurry comprising the suspension of the flowing electrode material suspended in the aqueous solution comprising one or more surface termination groups selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, oxygen, chlorine, and fluorine.
15. A method of removing contaminants from a solution, the method comprising:
flowing a solution including contaminants therein through a first flow channel between a first pair of electrodes in a first cell;
flowing a slurry comprising a suspension of a flowing electrode material comprising particles of a two dimensional MXene material suspended in an aqueous solution through the first pair of electrodes to adsorb the contaminants from the solution onto the flowing electrode material, wherein M is a metal and X is one or both of carbon and nitrogen, and wherein the two dimensional MXene material comprises one or more surface terminations comprising one or more of a hydroxyl group, oxygen, chlorine, and fluorine; and
flowing the slurry through a second flow channel between a second pair of electrodes in a second cell to regenerate the flowing electrode material.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein flowing a slurry comprising a suspension of a flowing electrode material comprising particles of a two dimensional MXene material suspended in an aqueous solution comprises flowing a slurry including particles of one or more of a transition metal carbide, a transition metal nitride, and a transition metal carbonitride suspended in the aqueous solution through the first pair of electrodes.