Blood Pressure Assessment Using Features Extracted Through Deep Learning
Assessing a blood pressure of a user includes obtaining photoplethysmogram (PPG)-related signals of the user; inputting the PPG-related signals to layers of a deep-learning (DL) model, where the layers exclude an output layer; obtaining, from the layers of the DL model, features related to blood pressure; inputting to a machine-learning (ML) model the obtained features, where the ML model is different from the DL model; and obtaining, as an output of the ML model, the blood pressure of the user.
1 . A method for assessing a blood pressure of a user, comprising:
obtaining photoplethysmogram (PPG)-related signals of the user;
inputting the PPG-related signals to layers of a deep-learning (DL) model, wherein the layers exclude an output layer;
obtaining, from the layers of the DL model, features related to blood pressure;
inputting to a machine-learning (ML) model the obtained features, wherein the ML model is different from the DL model; and
obtaining, as an output of the ML model, the blood pressure of the user.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the PPG-related signals comprise: photoplethysmograph signals, velocity photoplethysmogram signals (VPG), and acceleration photoplethysmogram signals (APG).
3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the PPG-related signals further comprise a derivate, higher than a second derivative of the photoplethysmograph signals.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the DL model is trained to obtain the blood pressure of the user.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the DL model comprises an autoencoder, and the features related to the blood pressure are obtained from a bottleneck layer of the autoencoder.
6 . The method of claim 5 , wherein an encoder part of the DL model constitute the layers of the DL model.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the DL model comprises fully connected layers, and the features related to the blood pressure are obtained from a fully connected layer of the DL model that that is not the output layer of the DL.
8 . A device for assessing a physiological property of a user, comprising:
a sensor; and
a processor configured to:
acquire a signal from the sensor;
obtain, using the signal, features related to the physiological property from a portion of a first machine learning (ML) model that is neural-network based ML model,
wherein the first ML model is trained to estimate the physiological property, and
wherein the portion does not include an output layer of the first ML model; and
obtain, using the features related to the physiological property, an estimate of the physiological property of the user from a second ML that is not neural-network based.
9 . The device of claim 8 , wherein the physiological property of the user is a blood pressure of the user, the sensor is a PPG sensor, and the signal is a PPG signal.
10 . The device of claim 8 , wherein the physiological property of the user is a pulse transit time.
11 . The device of claim 9 , wherein to obtain, using the signal, the features related to the physiological property comprises to:
use the PPG signal to obtain the features related to the physiological property.
12 . The device of claim 11 , wherein to obtain, using the signal, the features related to the physiological property further comprises to:
use at least one of a first derivative of the PPG signal, a second derivative of the PPG signal, or a derivate higher than the second derivate of the PPG signal to obtain the features related to the physiological property.
13 . The device of claim 8 , wherein the first ML is an autoencoder comprising an encoder and a decoder, and the portion of the first ML model being the encoder of the autoencoder.
14 . The device of claim 8 , wherein the first ML model is a fully connected neural network and the portion of the first ML model constitutes layers up to a layer of interest, wherein the layer of interest is not the output layer.
15 . The device of claim 14 , wherein the layer of interest is a layer connected to the output layer.
16 . The device of claim 8 , wherein the first ML is convolutional neural network (CNN) and at least a subset of a feature-extraction portion of the CNN constitutes the portion of the first ML model.
17 . A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, comprising executable instructions that, when executed by a processor, facilitate performance of operations, comprising:
obtaining sensor data;
obtaining, using the sensor data, features related to a physiological property of a user, wherein the features are obtained using a subset of a first machine learning (ML) model, and wherein the features are not the estimate of the physiological property; and
obtaining the estimate of the physiological property from a second ML model using the features as input to the ML model, wherein the second ML model is not a neural-network model.
18 . The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 17 , wherein the second ML model is at least one of a gradient boosting model, an adaptive boosting model, a random forest model, or a support vector machine.
19 . The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 17 , wherein the first ML model is at least one of a convolutional neural network or an autoencoder.
20 . The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of claim 17 , wherein the physiological property of the user is blood pressure of the user.