Methods for producing graphene from coal
A method of preparing graphene from coal can include thermally processing raw coal and, after the coal has been at least partially cooled from thermal processing, forming reduced graphene oxide from the coal.
1. A method of producing reduced graphene oxide from coal, the method comprising:
thermally processing coal at a temperature of at least 310° F. and not to exceed 350° F.;
oxidizing the thermally processed coal to form coal oxide;
transferring the coal oxide to a mercury removal reactor and heating the coal in the mercury removal reactor to a second temperature of at least 500° F. and not to exceed 700° F.;
contacting the coal oxide with an inert gas to remove greater than 70% of mercury present in the coal;
cooling the coal oxide to a third temperature in the mercury removal reactor, the third temperature being below 300° F.; and
forming reduced graphene oxide from the coal oxide, the reduced graphene oxide comprising a predetermined concentration of less than about 15 atomic % of one or more impurity atoms, the one or more impurity atoms comprising cadmium, selenium, or chromium.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein forming reduced graphene oxide from the coal oxide comprises:
centrifuging the coal oxide;
collecting precipitate from the coal oxide after centrifuging, the precipitate comprising graphene oxide; and
reducing the graphene oxide to form reduced graphene oxide.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein oxidizing the coal to form a coal oxide comprises mixing the coal with at least one of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, or potassium permanganate, or hydrogen peroxide to form the coal oxide.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein mixing the coal with at least one of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, potassium permanganate, or hydrogen peroxide to form the coal oxide comprises:
mixing the coal with at least one of sulfuric acid and nitric acid;
stirring the coal mixed with at least one of the sulfuric acid and the nitric acid;
mixing potassium permanganate to the coal mixed with at least one of the sulfuric acid and the nitric acid;
stirring the coal mixed with the potassium permanganate and at least one of the sulfuric acid and the nitric acid;
diluting, with water, the coal mixed with the potassium permanganate and at least one of the sulfuric acid and the nitric acid to form a solution;
mixing the solution with hydrogen peroxide;
performing a first centrifugation of the solution mixed with the hydrogen peroxide; and
after performing the first centrifugation, separating a supernatant of the solution mixed with the hydrogen peroxide from precipitate of the solution mixed with the hydrogen peroxide, the supernatant comprising the coal oxide.
5. The method of claim 2 , further comprising diluting, with water, the coal oxide before centrifuging the coal oxide.
6. The method of claim 2 , wherein reducing the graphene oxide to form reduced graphene oxide comprises:
sonicating the graphene oxide; and
hydrothermally treating the graphene oxide in a PARR reactor after sonicating the graphene oxide.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein forming reduced graphene oxide from the coal oxide comprises forming the reduced graphene oxide from the coal oxide at a reduced graphene oxide yield rate of between approximately 10 weight % and approximately 20 weight % of the coal.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined concentration of one or more impurity atoms is between about 0.1 atomic % and about 10 atomic %.
9. A synthetic graphene formed from an amount of coal, the synthetic graphene comprising:
a predetermined concentration between about 0.1 atomic % and about 2 atomic % of dopant atoms, the dopant atoms comprising cadmium or chromium; and
a carbon nanotube chemically bonded to the synthetic graphene with chemical linkers, and comprising a metal dopant different from the dopant atoms.
10. The synthetic graphene of claim 9 , further comprising a predetermined concentration of point defects due to the one or more dopant atoms.
11. A synthetic reduced graphene oxide formed from an amount of coal, the synthetic reduced graphene oxide comprising:
a predetermined concentration between about 0.1 atomic % and about 2 atomic % of one or more impurity atoms, the one or more impurity atoms comprising cadmium or chromium; and
a carbon nanotube chemically bonded to the synthetic reduced graphene oxide with chemical linkers, and comprising a dopant different from the one or more impurity atoms.
12. The synthetic reduced graphene oxide of claim 11 , wherein the predetermined concentration of impurity atoms is between about 0.1 atomic % and about 1 atomic %.
13. The synthetic reduced graphene oxide of claim 11 , wherein the synthetic reduced graphene oxide comprises an electrode of a battery.