Geotechnical characteristics of tailings via lime addition
Methods and systems for treating tailings at an elevated pH using lime are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises (i) providing a tailings stream comprising bicarbonates and a pH less than 9.0, (ii) adding a coagulant comprising calcium hydroxide to the tailings stream to form a mixture having a pH of at least 11.5 and a soluble calcium level no more than 800 mg/L, and (iii) dewatering the mixture to produce a product having a solids content of at least 40% by weight. In some embodiments, the pH and soluble calcium level of the mixture cause chemical modification of clay materials of the mixture via pozzolanic reactions. In some embodiments, the undrained shear strength of the product increases over a period of time of at least two days.
1. A method for treating tailings, the method comprising:
providing tailings comprising clay and a pH less than 9.0;
combining a coagulant comprising calcium hydroxide with the tailings to form a first mixture having a pH of at least 12.0 and a soluble calcium level of no more than 800 mg/L, wherein the pH and soluble calcium level promote pozzolanic reactions to occur within the first mixture;
combining a flocculant comprising a polymer with the first mixture to form a second mixture, wherein the polymer includes at least one of a polyacrylamide or a polysaccharide; and
dewatering the second mixture to produce a product having a shear strength of at least 1.5 kilopascals (kPa).
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the shear strength of the product is an undrained shear strength that, after a period of time of at least two days, is at least 1.5 kPa.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the shear strength of the product is an undrained shear strength that, after a period of time of at least two days, is at least 5.0 kPa.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pH and the soluble calcium level of the first mixture promote pozzolanic reactions such that the clay is converted to calcium silicate hydrates and/or calcium aluminum hydrates.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the combination of the coagulant to the first mixture does not produce gaseous carbon dioxide as a byproduct.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein combining the coagulant comprises adding at least 4,000 ppm calcium hydroxide.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein combining the coagulant comprises adding at least 8,000 ppm calcium hydroxide.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tailings comprise at least one of whole-tailings, thin fluid tailings, fluid fine tailings, hydro-cyclone overflow or underflow, or mature fine tailings.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein, at the time of dewatering the mixture, the mixture comprises substantially no bicarbonates.
10. A system for treating tailings, the system comprising:
a mixer or in-line mixing area configured to mix (i) tailings comprising clay and bicarbonates, (ii) a coagulant comprising calcium hydroxide, and (iii) a flocculant comprising a polymer to form a mixture comprising a pH of at least 12.0 and a soluble calcium level of no more than 800 mg/L; and
a dewatering area or device configured to dewater the mixture to produce a product having a shear strength of 1.5 kilopascals (kPa) and that increases over a period of time.
11. The system of claim 10 , wherein the product has a shear strength of at least 5.0 kPa.
12. The system of claim 10 , wherein the period of time is at least two days, and wherein the shear strength of the product is an undrained shear strength that, after the period of time, is at least 1.5 kPa.
13. The system of claim 10 , wherein the period of time is at least two days, and wherein the shear strength of the product is an undrained shear strength that, after the period of time, is at least 5.0 kPa.
14. The system of claim 10 , wherein the polymer includes at least one of a polyacrylamide or a polysaccharide.
15. The system of claim 10 , wherein the polymer includes at least one of an anionic, cationic, or amphoteric polymer.
16. The system of claim 10 , wherein the pH and the soluble calcium level of the mixture promote pozzolanic reactions such that at least a portion of the clay of the tailings is converted to calcium silicate hydrates and/or calcium aluminum hydrates.
17. The system of claim 10 , wherein the product, after the period of time, has a plastic limit of at least 30%.
18. The system of claim 10 , wherein the product has a plasticity index of no more than 30%.
19. A method for treating tailings, comprising:
obtaining tailings comprising clay;
combining at least a portion of the tailings with a first coagulant comprising calcium hydroxide to form a first mixture having a pH of no more than 12.0;
combining a flocculant comprising a polymer with the first mixture to form a second mixture, wherein the polymer includes at least one of a polyacrylamide or a polysaccharide;
combining a second coagulant comprising calcium hydroxide with the second mixture to form a third mixture having a pH of at least 12.0 and a soluble calcium level of no more than 800 mg/L, wherein the pH and soluble calcium level promote pozzolanic reactions to occur within the third mixture; and
dewatering the third mixture to produce a product having a shear strength of at least 1.5 kilopascals.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein combining at least a portion of the tailings with the first coagulant occurs in a first mixer upstream of a thickener vessel, and combining the second coagulant with the first mixture occurs within a second mixer downstream of the thickener vessel.