Compositions and methods for manipulating the development of plants
The invention provides a methods and materials for producing and selecting plants with at least one dwarfing-associated phenotype. The methods and materials relate to altering the expression, or activity, of an ARF3 polypeptide in the plant, and selecting plants with altered the expression, or activity, of an ARF3 polypeptide. The invention also provides plants produced or selected by the methods. The methods also involve crossing plants of the invention with other plants to produce further plants with at least one dwarfing-associated phenotype.
1. A method for producing a plant with at least one dwarfing-associated phenotype the method comprising increasing the expression of an ARF3 polypeptide in the plant by transforming the plant with an ARF3 gene encoding the ARF3 polypeptide or genetically modifying an endogenous ARF3 gene to encode the ARF3 polypeptide in the plant, wherein the ARF3 polypeptide comprises a Leucine residue at a position corresponding to amino acid residue 72 in SEQ ID NO:1 or 28, and wherein the dwarfing-associated phenotype is selected from:
i) one of the following phenotypes in the plant:
a) altered auxin transport,
b) slower auxin transport,
c) reduced apical dominance,
d) an altered xylem/phloem ratio,
e) an increased number of phloem elements,
f) smaller phloem elements,
g) thicker bark,
h) a bushier habit,
i) reduced root mass, and
ii) competence to induce one of the following phenotypes in a scion grafted on to the plant:
j) reduced vigour,
k) less vegetative growth,
I) earlier termination of shoot growth,
m) earlier competence to flower,
n) precocity,
o) earlier phase change,
p) smaller canopy,
q) reduced stem circumference,
r) reduced branch diameter,
s) fewer sylleptic branches,
t) shorter sylleptic branches,
u) more axillary flowers,
v) an earlier terminating primary axis,
w) earlier terminating secondary axes, and
x) shorter internode length
y) reduced scion mass,
wherein the increased expression and the phenotypes a) to y) are relative to a control plant of the same type which has not been transformed or genetically modified to increase the expression of the ARF3 polypeptide.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the ARF3 gene is operably linked to a heterologous promoter.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the dwarfing-associated phenotype in the plant is at least one of reduced apical dominance, a bushier habit, an altered xylem/phloem ratio, an increased number of phloem elements and reduced root mass.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the dwarfing-associated phenotype is the competence to induce at least one of: reduced vigour, less vegetative growth, earlier termination of shoot growth, a smaller canopy, reduced stem circumference, and reduced scion mass, in a scion grafted on to the plant.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the method includes the step of grafting a scion on to a plant produced by the method.
6. A method for producing a plant with at least one dwarfing-associated phenotype selected from:
j) reduced vigour,
k) less vegetative growth
l) earlier termination of shoot growth
m) earlier competence to flower
n) precocity
o) earlier phase change
p) smaller canopy,
q) reduced stem circumference
r) reduced branch diameter
s) fewer sylleptic branches
t) shorter sylleptic branches
u) more axillary flowers
v) an earlier terminating primary axis,
w) earlier terminating secondary axes,
x) shorter internode length
y) reduced scion mass
the method comprising the steps:
A. providing a plant produced by the method of claim 1 ,
B. grafting a scion onto the plant in A
wherein at least one of j) to y) is exhibited in the scion grafted on to the plant in A, and wherein the phenotypes j) to y) are relative to a control plant of the same type which has not been transformed or genetically modified to increase the expression of the ARF3 polypeptide according to the method of claim 1 .
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the phenotype exhibited in the scion is at least one of: reduced vigour, less vegetative growth, earlier termination of shoot growth, a smaller canopy, reduced stem circumference, and reduced scion mass.
8. The method of claim 1 in which the ARF3 polypeptide has a sequence with at least 70% identity to any one of SEQ ID NO:1 to 11, 28 and 29.
9. The method of claim 8 in which the ARF3 polypeptide has a sequence with at least 70% identity to SEQ ID NO:1 or 28 (MdARF3).
10. The method of claim 8 in which the ARF3 polypeptide comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 or 29 (M9 MdARF3).