Methods of detecting predators in algal cultures
The present disclosure features methods of detecting crop damage in an algal culture. Such methods include detecting one or more carotenoids as a volatile organic compound in a sample obtained from a headspace of the algal culture.
1. A method of detecting crop damage in an algal culture, the method comprising:
detecting one or more carotenoids as a volatile organic compound within a first sample obtained from a headspace of the algal culture, thereby indicating presence of crop damage.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the detecting step comprises employing one or more solid-phase microextraction fibers coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carotenoid has a structure of formula (I):
or a salt thereof, wherein:
each of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 is, independently, H, optionally substituted alkyl, or optionally substituted alkenyl;
X 1 is oxo, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, or optionally substituted acyl; and
the dashed double bond indicated at position a may be present or absent.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carotenoid has a structure of formula (II):
or a salt thereof, wherein:
each of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 is, independently, H, optionally substituted alkyl, or optionally substituted alkenyl; and
the dashed double bond indicated at position a may be present or absent.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carotenoid is trans-β-ionone and/or β-cyclocitral.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carotenoid is selected from the group consisting of trans-β-ionone, β-cyclocitral, 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone, and 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-butanone.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the crop damage is from a rotifer.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
detecting one or more further carotenoids as a volatile organic compound within a second sample obtained from the headspace of the algal culture, wherein the second sample is obtained of from about 10 minutes to about 72 hours after the first sample.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the carotenoid from the first sample and the further carotenoid from the second sample are the same.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein a detected amount of the further carotenoid from the second sample is greater than a detected amount of the carotenoid from the first sample.
11. A method of detecting crop damage in an algal culture, the method comprising:
detecting one or more carotenoids as a volatile organic compound within a first sample obtained from a headspace of the algal culture; and
further detecting the one or more carotenoids as a volatile organic compound within a second sample obtained from the headspace of the algal culture, wherein the second sample is obtained after the first sample, thereby indicating presence of crop damage.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the carotenoid has a structure of formula (I):
or a salt thereof, wherein:
each of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 is, independently, H or optionally substituted alkyl;
X 1 is oxo, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, or optionally substituted acyl; and
the double bond indicated at position a may be present or absent.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the carotenoid has a structure of formula (II):
or a salt thereof, wherein:
each of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 is, independently, H or optionally substituted alkyl; and
the double bond indicated at position a may be present or absent.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the carotenoid is trans-β-ionone and/or β-cyclocitral.
15. The method of claim 11 , wherein the carotenoid is selected from the group consisting of trans-β-ionone, β-cyclocitral, 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone, and 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-butanone.
16. The method of claim 11 , wherein the crop damage is from a rotifer.
17. The method of claim 11 , wherein the second sample is obtained of from about 10 minutes to about 72 hours after the first sample.
18. The method of claim 11 , wherein a detected amount of the carotenoid from the second sample is greater than a detected amount of the carotenoid from the first sample.
19. The method of claim 11 , wherein a detected amount of trans-β-ionone and/or β-cyclocitral from the second sample is greater than a detected amount of a trans-β-ionone and/or β-cyclocitral from the first sample.
20. The method of claim 11 , further comprising, after the further detecting step:
providing one or more additives to protect the algal culture from damage;
the one or more additives selected from the group consisting of: Alphaproteobacteria, Rhodobacteraceae, Roseobacter, Ruegeria, Paracoccus, Phenylobacterium , Actinobacteria, Dietzia , Cytophagia, Marinoscillum ), Gammaproteobacteria, Marinobacter, Pseudomonas, Alteromonas, Methylophaga , pesticide, biocide, rotenone, tossendanin, quinine, quinine sulfate, formaldehyde, ammonia, an oxidant, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, copper, or salts of any of these.