Lithium metal negative electrode and method of manufacturing the same

1. A method of manufacturing a negative electrode for an electrochemical cell of a secondary lithium metal battery, the method comprising:

applying a precursor solution including an organophosphate, lithium nitrate (LiNO 3 ), and a nonpolar organic solvent to a major surface of a lithium metal substrate to form a precursor coating thereon; and

removing at least a portion of the nonpolar organic solvent from the precursor coating to form a protective interfacial layer on the major surface of the lithium metal substrate,

wherein the protective interfacial layer exhibits a composite structure including a carbon-based matrix component and a lithium-containing dispersed component embedded in the carbon-based matrix component, and

wherein the lithium-containing dispersed component includes a plurality of lithium-containing inorganic ionic compounds.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the organophosphate comprises at least one of trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, tetraethyl pyrophosphate, or tris(2-methylphenyl) phosphate.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the precursor solution comprises dissolved nitrate (NO 3 − ) ions and/or phosphate (PO 4 3− ) ions.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the nonpolar organic solvent comprises at least one of diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, hexane, or methylene chloride.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the precursor solution is prepared by:

mixing the organophosphate with the nonpolar organic solvent to form a solvent mixture; and then

dissolving the lithium nitrate in the solvent mixture to form the precursor solution.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein the organophosphate and the nonpolar organic solvent are mixed together in relative amounts such that a weight ratio of the organophosphate to the nonpolar organic solvent in the solvent mixture is about 1:10.

7. The method of claim 5 wherein the lithium nitrate is dissolved in the solvent mixture in an amount relative to the amount of the organophosphate in the solvent mixture, and wherein a molar ratio of the lithium nitrate to the organophosphate in the precursor solution is about 1:1.

8. The method of claim 5 wherein a molar concentration of the lithium nitrate in the precursor solution is in a range of greater than 1 mol/L and less than or equal to 7 mol/L.

9. The method of claim 1 wherein the precursor solution is applied to the major surface of the lithium metal substrate for a duration sufficient for the organophosphate in the precursor solution to react with lithium on the major surface of the lithium metal substrate to form lithium phosphate (Li 3 PO 4 ).

10. The method of claim 1 wherein the precursor solution is applied to the major surface of the lithium metal substrate for a duration in a range of 10 minutes to 2 hours.

11. The method of claim 1 wherein the precursor solution is applied to the major surface of the lithium metal substrate by immersing at least a portion of the lithium metal substrate in the precursor solution or by depositing one or more layers of the precursor solution on the major surface of the lithium metal substrate.

12. The method of claim 1 wherein at least a portion of the nonpolar organic solvent is removed from the precursor coating by heating the precursor coating in an inert gas environment at a temperature in a range of 25° C. to 100° C.

13. The method of claim 1 wherein the plurality of lithium-containing inorganic ionic compounds in the lithium-containing dispersed component comprise lithium phosphate (Li 3 PO 4 ) and lithium nitrate (LiNO 3 ).

14. A method of manufacturing a negative electrode for an electrochemical cell of a secondary lithium metal battery, the method comprising:

applying a precursor solution including trimethyl phosphate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and lithium nitrate (LiNO 3 ) to a major surface of a lithium metal substrate to form a precursor coating thereon; and

removing at least a portion of the 1,2-dimethoxyethane from the precursor coating to form a protective interfacial layer on the major surface of the lithium metal substrate,

wherein the protective interfacial layer exhibits a composite structure including a carbon-based matrix component and a lithium-containing dispersed component embedded in the carbon-based matrix component, and

wherein the lithium-containing dispersed component includes lithium phosphate (Li 3 PO 4 ) and lithium nitrate (LiNO 3 ).

15. The method of claim 14 wherein the precursor solution is prepared by:

mixing the trimethyl phosphate with the 1,2-dimethoxyethane to form a solvent mixture; and then

dissolving the lithium nitrate in the solvent mixture.

16. The method of claim 15 wherein the trimethyl phosphate and the 1,2-dimethoxyethane are mixed together in relative amounts such that a weight ratio of the trimethyl phosphate and the 1,2-dimethoxyethane in the solvent mixture is about 1:10.

17. The method of claim 15 wherein the lithium nitrate is dissolved in the solvent mixture in an amount relative to the amount of the trimethyl phosphate in the solvent mixture, and wherein a molar ratio of the lithium nitrate to the trimethyl phosphate in the precursor solution is about 1:1.

18. A negative electrode for an electrochemical cell of a lithium metal battery, the negative electrode comprising:

a metal substrate;

a lithium metal layer formed on the metal substrate; and

a protective interfacial layer formed on a major surface of the lithium metal layer,

wherein the protective interfacial layer exhibits a composite structure including a carbon-based matrix component and a lithium-containing dispersed component embedded in the carbon-based matrix component, and

wherein the lithium-containing dispersed component includes lithium phosphate (Li 3 PO 4 ) and lithium nitrate (LiNO 3 ).

19. The negative electrode of claim 18 wherein the carbon-based matrix component of the protective interfacial layer exhibits an amorphous structure, and wherein the lithium-containing dispersed component is at least partially crystalline.