Sensor system and electrodes
Sensors having an advantageous design and methods for fabricating such sensors are generally provided. Some sensors described herein comprise pairs of electrodes having radial symmetry, pairs of nested electrodes, and/or nanowires. Some embodiments relate to fabricating electrodes by methods in which nanowires are deposited from a fluid contacted with a substrate in a manner such that it evaporates and is replenished.
1. A sensor, comprising: a pair of electrodes, comprising: a first electrode comprising: a first portion; a second portion; and a third portion connecting the first and second portions of the first electrode; and a second electrode comprising: a first portion substantially parallel to the first portion of the first electrode; a second portion substantially parallel to the second portion of the first electrode; and a third portion connecting the first and second portions of the second electrode, wherein the first and second portions of the second electrode are positioned between the first and second portions of the first electrode, and wherein the second electrode is nested inside the first electrode such that the third portion of the first electrode is adjacent the third portion of the second electrode; and wherein at least a subportion of the third portion of the first electrode is separated from the third portion of the second electrode by a distance greater than a spacing between the first portion of the first electrode and the first portion of the second electrode; the sensor further comprising a nanowire in electrical communication with the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the length of the nanowire is greater than or equal to 8 microns and less than or equal to the spacing between the subportion of the third portion of the first electrode and the third portion of the second electrode.
2. A sensor as in claim 1 , wherein the sensor comprises greater than or equal to 10 and fewer than or equal to 40 pairs of electrodes.
3. A sensor as in claim 1 , wherein the sensor comprises a nanowire having a length of less than or equal to 50 microns.
4. A sensor as in claim 1 , wherein the nanowire has a charged surface.
5. A sensor as in claim 1 , wherein the nanowire comprises a binding entity.
6. A sensor as in claim 5 , wherein the nanowire comprises a binding entity for a biomarker for brain injury.
7. A sensor as in claim 5 , wherein the nanowire comprises a binding entity for a small-molecule biomarker.
8. A sensor as in any claim 5 , wherein the nanowire comprises a binding entity for lipids.
9. A sensor as in claim 5 , wherein the nanowire comprises a binding entity for a viral protein.
10. A sensor as in claim 9 , wherein the viral protein is a human viral protein, a non-human animal viral protein, and/or a plant viral protein.
11. A sensor as in claim 1 , wherein the sensor comprises a blocking layer.
12. A sensor as in claim 11 , wherein the blocking layer is disposed on the nanowire.
13. A sensor as in claim 11 , wherein the blocking layer comprises a protein.
14. A sensor as in claim 11 , wherein the blocking layer comprises a stabilizer which is removed upon contact with liquid.
15. A method comprising exposing the sensor of claim 1 to a bodily fluid.
16. A method as in claim 15 , wherein the bodily fluid was collected using a swab.
17. A method as in claim 15 , wherein the bodily fluid comprises a solid or viscous sample resuspended in another fluid.
18. A sensor as in claim 1 , wherein the sensor is configured to output a signal indicative of a concentration of a protein in a fluid.
19. A sensor as in claim 1 , wherein the sensor comprises a plurality of pairs of electrodes that are equidistant from a center point.
20. A sensor as in claim 1 , wherein the sensor comprises two or more groups of nanowires that are functionalized with different chemistries.
21. A sensor as in claim 1 , wherein the first portion of the first electrode, the second portion of the first electrode, the first portion of the second electrode, and/or the second portion of the second electrode has a width of less than or equal to 7 microns.
22. A sensor as in claim 1 , wherein a spacing between the first portion of the first electrode and the first portion of the second electrode is less than or equal to 7 microns and/or a spacing between the second portion of the first electrode and the second portion of the second electrode is less than or equal to 7 microns.
23. A sensor as in claim 1 , comprising a substrate having a resistivity of less than 0.005 ohm-cm.
24. A sensor as in claim 1 , wherein the first portion of the first electrode is substantially parallel to the second portion of the first electrode.
25. A sensor as in claim 1 , wherein the first and second portions of the first electrode and the first and second portions of the second electrode are substantially straight.