Oscillator-based solid-state spin sensor
We have developed a high-performance, low-volume, low-weight, and low-power sensor based on a self-sustaining oscillator. The techniques described here may be used for sensing various fields; we demonstrate magnetic sensing. The oscillator is based on a dielectric resonator that contains paramagnetic defects and is connected to a sustaining amplifier in a feedback loop. The resonance frequency of the dielectric resonator shifts in response to changes in the magnetic field, resulting in a shift in the frequency of the self-sustaining oscillator. The value of the magnetic field is thereby encoded in the shift or modulation output of the self-sustaining oscillator. The sensor as demonstrated uses no optics, no input microwaves, and, not including digitization electronics, consumes less than 300 mW of power and exhibits a sensitivity at or below tens of pT/√{square root over (Hz)}. In some implementations, the sensor is less than 1 mL in volume.
1. A magnetometer comprising:
a solid-state host comprising paramagnetic defects having spin resonances that shift in response to a magnetic field;
a sustaining amplifier, connected in a positive feedback loop with the solid-state host, to amplify a microwave signal modulated by a shift in the spin resonances of the paramagnetic defects caused by the magnetic field; and
a digitizer, in electrical communication with the sustaining amplifier and/or the solid-state host, to digitize a portion of the microwave signal,
wherein the magnetometer does not include a laser, an external microwave source, or a photodetector.
2. The magnetometer of claim 1 , wherein the solid-state host is configured to resonate at a center frequency of the microwave signal in an absence of the magnetic field.
3. The magnetometer of claim 2 , wherein the solid-state host forms a dielectric resonator having a quality factor of about 1000 to about 100,000.
4. The magnetometer of claim 2 , wherein the solid-state host resonates at a frequency in a frequency band of about 1 GHz to about 25 GHz.
5. The magnetometer of claim 1 , wherein the spin resonances of the paramagnetic defects have linewidths of between 1 kHz and 50 MHz.
6. The magnetometer of claim 1 , further comprising:
a cavity shield, surrounding the solid-state host, to shield the solid-state host from radiative loss.
7. The magnetometer of claim 6 , wherein the cavity shield comprises a metallic component having a thickness greater than or equal to one skin depth at a center frequency of the microwave signal.
8. The magnetometer of claim 1 , further comprising:
an input coupler, operably connected to an output of the sustaining amplifier, to couple the microwave signal from the output of the sustaining amplifier to the solid-state host; and
an output coupler, operably connected to an input of the sustaining amplifier, to couple the microwave signal from the solid-state host to the input of the sustaining amplifier.
9. The magnetometer of claim 1 , further comprising:
a directional coupler, operably coupled to the digitizer and to at least one of the solid-state host or the sustaining amplifier, to couple the portion of the microwave signal to the digitizer.
10. The magnetometer of claim 1 , further comprising:
a phase shifter, in the positive feedback loop, to adjust a path length of the positive feedback loop.
11. The magnetometer of claim 1 , further comprising:
a bandpass filter, in electromagnetic communication with an input of the sustaining amplifier, to filter at least one spurious signal from the microwave signal.
12. The magnetometer of claim 1 , further comprising:
a bias magnet, in electromagnetic communication with the paramagnetic defects, to apply a bias magnetic field to the paramagnetic defects, the bias magnetic field splitting the spin resonances.
13. A magnetometer comprising:
an oscillator comprising a dielectric resonator connected in a feedback loop with an amplifier and configured to oscillate at a microwave oscillation frequency, the dielectric resonator comprising paramagnetic defects having dielectric resonances that shift the microwave oscillation frequency in response to a magnetic field;
a sensor, operably coupled to the oscillator, to measure the microwave oscillation frequency; and
a processor, operably coupled to the sensor, to determine an amplitude of the magnetic field based on the microwave oscillation frequency,
wherein the magnetometer does not include a laser, an external microwave source, or a photodetector.
14. A sensor to sense a physical parameter, the sensor comprising:
a self-sustaining oscillator with paramagnetic defects in a crystal host, the paramagnetic defects in the crystal host having energy levels that change in response to changes in the physical parameter, and without a laser, an external microwave source, or a photodetector.
15. The sensor of claim 14 , wherein the sensor is configured to encode a value of the physical parameter in an output frequency of the self-sustaining oscillator.
16. The sensor of claim 14 , wherein the self-sustaining oscillator comprises:
a dielectric resonator, as least part of which is magnetically sensitive, configured to transmit microwave probe radiation with a transmission that varies in response to a change in the physical parameter.
17. The sensor of claim 16 , wherein the dielectric resonator is formed entirely of the crystal host.
18. The sensor of claim 16 , wherein the dielectric resonator comprises the crystal host containing the paramagnetic defects and a component without paramagnetic defects.
19. The sensor of claim 18 , wherein the component without paramagnetic defects comprises one of a microstrip transmission line resonator, a loop gap resonator, or a cavity resonator.
20. The sensor of claim 16 , wherein the dielectric resonator has a resonance frequency tuned near a zero field splitting of the paramagnetic defects.