COBALT-FREE LITHIATED SPINEL CATHODE MATERIALS FOR USE IN LITHIUM CELLS AND BATTERIES
Cobalt-free lithium-manganese-nickel-oxide electrode materials for lithium cells and batteries, notably rechargeable Li-ion batteries, are described herein. These electrode materials have a lithiated-spinel structure with the general formula LiMn x Ni y M z O 2 , or alternatively in lithiated-spinel notation, Li 2 Mn 2x Ni 2y M 2z O 4 , in which x+y+z=1, 0<x<1.0, 0<y<1.0, 0≤z≤0.5, and in which M is selected from one or more metal cations other than Mn, Ni and Co. In general, the Mn:Ni ratio in the lithiated-spinel structures described herein is less than 2:1 and greater than 1:2, preferably close to 1:1, and more preferably 1:1. Optionally, the cobalt-free lithiated spinel materials can be blended or structurally-integrated with other cathode materials that may include cobalt.
1 . A cobalt-free electrode active material for a lithium electrochemical cell with a lithiated spinel structure having the empirical formula LiMn x Ni y M z O 2 ; wherein M comprises one or more metal cations other than manganese, nickel and cobalt; x+y+z=1; 0<x<1.0; 0<y<1.0; 0≤z≤0.5; and having a molar Mn:Ni ratio in the range of about 1:2 to about 2:1.
2 . The electrode active material of claim 1 , wherein the Mn:Ni ratio is about or equal to 1:1.
3 . The electrode active material of claim 1 , wherein M comprises one or more metal cation selected from the group consisting of an Al cation, a Ga cation, a Mg cation and a combination of Mg and Ti cations.
4 . The electrode active material of claim 1 , wherein at least two of the Li, Mn, Ni and M cations in the lithiated spinel are partially disordered over the octahedral sites of the lithiated-spinel structure.
5 . The electrode active material of claim 1 , wherein the lithiated-spinel structure contains cation and/or anion defects or deficiencies.
6 . The electrode active material of claim 1 , wherein the lithium, oxygen, and/or total non-lithium metal content of the lithiated-spinel composition LiMn x Ni y M z O 2 varies by up to about 5 percent from an ideal 1:1:2 respective elemental stoichiometry.
7 . The electrode active material of claim 1 , further comprising fluorine in place of a portion of the oxygen in the LiMn x Ni y M z O 2 ; wherein less than 10 mole percent of the oxygen is replaced by fluorine.
8 . An electrode active composition for an electrochemical cell comprising a first lithium-free electrode active material with a lithiated spinel structure mechanically blended with or structurally integrated with or a second electrode active material; wherein the first electrode active material has the empirical formula LiMn x Ni y M z O 2 ; wherein M comprises one or more metal cations other than manganese, nickel and cobalt; x+y+z=1; 0<x<1.0; 0<y<1.0; 0≤z≤0.5; and having a molar Mn:Ni ratio in the range of about 1:2 to about 2:1; and the second electrode active material comprises one or more cobalt-containing lithium metal oxide material.
9 . The electrode active composition of claim 8 , wherein the cobalt-containing lithium metal oxide material comprises LiCoO 2 with a layered-type structure and/or LiCoO 2 with a lithiated-spinel-type structure.
10 . The electrode active composition of claim 8 , wherein Co comprises less than about 33 mol % of non-lithium metal ions in the electrode active material.
11 . The electrode active composition of claim 8 , wherein Co comprises less than 20 mol % of non-lithium metal ions in the electrode active material.
12 . The electrode active composition of claim 8 , wherein Co comprises less than 10 mol % of the non-lithium metal ions.
13 . An electrode for a lithium electrochemical cell comprising particles of the electrode active material of claim 1 in a binder matrix coated on a metal or carbon current collector.
14 . An electrode for a lithium electrochemical cell comprising particles of the electrode active material of claim 6 in a binder matrix coated on a metal or carbon current collector.
15 . An electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode, and a lithium-containing electrolyte contacting the anode and cathode, wherein the cathode comprises the electrode of claim 14 .
16 . A battery comprising a plurality of electrochemical cells of claim 15 electrically connected in series, in parallel, or in both series and parallel.
17 . An electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode, and a lithium-containing electrolyte contacting the anode and cathode, wherein the cathode comprises the electrode of claim 14 .
18 . A battery comprising a plurality of electrochemical cells of claim 17 electrically connected in series, in parallel, or in both series and parallel.
19 . A method for preparing the electrode active material of claim 1 , comprising heating a mixture of precursor salts at a temperature in the range of about 200 to about 600° C. in an oxygen-containing atmosphere; wherein the precursor salts comprises salts of Li, Mn, Ni and M cations with anions selected from the group consisting of carbonate, hydroxide, oxide, and nitrate; and the Li, Mn, Ni and M salts are present in a stoichiometric ratio selected to provide a target lithiated spinel of formula LiMn x Ni y M z O 2 ; wherein M comprises one or more metal cations other than manganese, nickel and cobalt; x+y+z=1; 0<x<1.0; 0<y<1.0; 0≤z≤0.5; and having a molar Mn:Ni ratio in the range of about 1:2 to about 2:1.
20 . The method of claim 19 , wherein the mixture of precursor salts is heated at a temperature in the range of about 400 to 600° C.
21 . The method of claim 19 , wherein the lithium salt is lithium carbonate, and the Ni, Mn, M salts are single or mixed metal hydroxides of Ni, Mn, and M metal cations.
22 . An electrode active material for a lithium electrochemical cell with a lithiated spinel structure having the empirical formula LiMn x Ni y M z O 2 ; wherein M comprises Co and, optionally, other metals besides manganese and nickel; x+y+z=1; 0<x<1.0; 0<y<1.0; 0≤z≤0.2; and having a molar Mn:Ni ratio in the range of about 1:2 to about 2:1.
23 . The electrode active material of claim 22 , in which 0≤z≤0.1.
24 . A method for preparing the electrode active material of claim 22 , comprising heating a mixture of precursor salts at a temperature in the range of about 200 to about 600° C. in an oxygen-containing atmosphere; wherein the precursor salts comprises salts of Li, Mn, Ni and M cations with anions selected from the group consisting of carbonate, hydroxide and nitrate, and the Li, Mn, Ni and M salts are present in a stoichiometric ratio selected to provide a target lithiated spinel of formula LiMn x Ni y M z O 2 ; wherein M comprises Co and, optionally, other metal cations besides manganese and nickel; x+y+z=1; 0<x<1.0; 0<y<1.0; 0≤z≤0.2; and having a molar Mn:Ni ratio in the range of about 1:2 to about 2:1.
25 . An electrode active material comprising the electrode active material of claim 1 coated with a metal-oxide, a metal fluoride or a metal phosphate layer.
26 . The electrode active material of claim 25 , wherein the metal oxide layer is a lithiated-spinel LiCo 1−x Al x O 2 .
27 . An electrode active material comprising the electrode active material of claim 1 as a protective surface coating on an underlying lithium-metal-oxide electrode material.
28 . The lithium-metal-oxide electrode material of claim 27 , wherein the underlying lithium-metal-oxide material has a layered or spinel structure.