Toughened carbon-containing glass materials
In some implementations, a carbon-containing glass material includes a surface-to-air interface and an interphase region extending from the surface-to-air interface along a direction to a depth within the carbon-containing glass material. The surface-to-air interface may be exposed to ambient air, and the interphase region may include a plurality of few layer graphene (FLG) nanoplatelets formed in response to recombination and/or self-nucleation of a plurality of carbon-containing radicals implanted within the interphase region. The FLG nanoplatelets have a non-periodic orientation configured to at least partially inhibit formation or propagation of microcracks and/or micro-voids in the carbon-containing glass material. The glass material may also include a compressive stress layer disposed between the interphase region and the surface-to-air interface of the carbon-containing glass material, the compressive stress layer induced by ion bombardment of the carbon-containing glass material by a plurality of ionized inert gas particles.
1. A carbon-containing glass material comprising:
a surface-to-air interface exposed to ambient air through which carbon-containing radicals penetrate into the carbon-containing glass material; and
an interphase region extending from the surface-to-air interface along a direction to a depth within the carbon-containing glass material, wherein:
the interphase region includes a plurality of few layer graphene (FLG) nanoplatelets formed in response to recombination and/or self-nucleation of the carbon-containing radicals within the interphase region; and
the plurality of FLG nanoplatelets have a non-periodic orientation configured to at least partially inhibit formation or propagation of microcracks and/or micro-voids in the carbon-containing glass material.
2. The carbon-containing glass material of claim 1 , wherein a density of the plurality of FLG nanoplatelets gradually decreases along a direction extending from the surface-to-air interface towards a depth of the interphase region.
3. The carbon-containing glass material of claim 1 , further comprising a compressive stress layer disposed between the interphase region and the surface-to-air interface of the carbon-containing glass material, the compressive stress layer induced by ion bombardment of the carbon-containing glass material by a plurality of ionized inert gas particles.
4. The carbon-containing glass material of claim 3 , wherein the ionized inert gas particles are configured to form a plurality of microcracks or micro-voids between the FLG nanoplatelets formed in the interphase region.
5. The carbon-containing glass material of claim 4 , wherein the microcracks or micro-voids have a size between approximately 5 nanometers (nm) and 10 nm.
6. The carbon-containing glass material of claim 4 , wherein at least some of the plurality of microcracks or micro-voids are configured to dissipate fracture energy experienced at one or more crack tips in the carbon-containing glass material.
7. The carbon-containing glass material of claim 1 , further comprising a monolayer of excess carbon disposed on the interphase region.
8. The carbon-containing glass material of claim 1 , further comprising an additive intercalated between adjacent graphene layers within the FLG nanoplatelets formed within the interphase region.
9. The carbon-containing glass material of claim 8 , wherein the additive includes any one or more of lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, or other alkali metal.
10. The carbon-containing glass material of claim 8 , wherein the additive includes any one or more of copper, iron, or other transition metal.
11. The carbon-containing glass material of claim 8 , wherein the additive is configured to self-heal cracks formed in the carbon-containing glass material upon exposure of the additive to the ambient air.
12. The carbon-containing glass material of claim 8 , wherein the additive is configured to form an oxidized additive based on exposure to one or more reactants present in the ambient air.
13. The carbon-containing glass material of claim 12 , wherein the oxidized additive is configured to expand into one or more cracks and/or surface defects in the carbon-containing glass material.
14. The carbon-containing glass material of claim 1 , wherein a depth of the interphase region is approximately 1 micron.
15. The carbon-containing glass material of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of FLG nanoplatelets is configured to induce a compressive residual stress greater than 150 Megapascals (MPa) within the interphase region.
16. The carbon-containing glass material of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of FLG nanoplatelets has a combined weight of approximately 2% of the carbon-containing glass material.
17. The carbon-containing glass material of claim 1 , wherein the FLG nanoplatelets formed within an upper portion of the interphase region proximate to the surface-to-air interface have a size of approximately 20 nanometers (nm), and the FLG nanoplatelets formed within a lower portion of the interphase region distal to the surface-to-air interface have a size of approximately 2 nm.
18. The carbon-containing glass material of claim 1 , wherein each of the FLG nanoplatelets formed in the interphase region comprises between 3 and 5 graphene layers stacked vertically on one another.
19. The carbon-containing glass material of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-containing glass material has an optical transmittance of at least 96% across the visible frequency spectrum.
20. The carbon-containing glass material of claim 1 , wherein the interphase region of the carbon-containing glass material has a first index of refraction, and other portions of the carbon-containing glass material have a second index of refraction different than the first index of refraction.