Use of gene editing to generate universal TCR re-directed t cells for adoptive immunotherapy
The present invention includes compositions and methods for a modified immune cell or precursor cell thereof comprising an inducible expression system. Also provided are gene edited modified immune cells suitable for T cell therapy. Methods of treatment using modified immune cells of the present invention are also provided.
1. A method of generating a genetically modified immune cell that is resistant to immune-cell exhaustion, the method comprising:
(i) introducing into the immune cell a nucleic acid comprising an exogenous nucleic acid encoding an exogenous receptor under the control of an inducible expression system,
wherein the inducible expression system comprises:
(a) a first nucleic acid comprising a constitutive promoter operably linked to a nucleic acid sequence encoding a transactivator protein; and
(b) a second nucleic acid comprising an inducible promoter operably linked to a nucleic acid sequence encoding an exogenous receptor which selectively binds to a tumor antigen expressed on a tumor;
wherein the first nucleic acid and the second nucleic acid are on the same expression construct; and
(ii) contacting the modified immune cell periodically with an induction agent,
wherein the induction agent periodically induces the expression of the gene expression system and the exogenous receptor is periodically expressed on the surface of the immune cell, thereby counteracting the immune-cell exhaustion.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inducible expression system comprises a bidirectional expression construct, and wherein the second nucleic acid is in reverse orientation to the first nucleic acid.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nucleic acid is introduced by viral transduction, wherein viral transduction comprises contacting the cell with a viral vector comprising the nucleic acid.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising introducing into the immune cell a nucleic acid encoding a switch receptor, wherein the nucleic acid is introduced by viral transduction.
5. The method of claim 1 , the method further comprising introducing into the immune cell one or more polypeptides and/or nucleic acids capable of downregulating expression of one or more endogenous immune proteins.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein each of the one or more polypeptides and/or nucleic acids capable of downregulating expression comprises a CRISPR-associated (Cas) nuclease and a guide RNA, wherein the guide RNA comprises a guide sequence that is complementary with a target sequence of the endogenous immune protein.
7. The method of claim 5 , wherein:
(a) the endogenous immune protein is selected from the group consisting of TRAC, TRBC, B2M, CIITA, and PD1,
(b) the target sequence is within the TRAC gene and wherein the guide RNA comprises a nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 85-97,
(c) the target sequence is within the TRBC gene and wherein the guide RNA comprises a nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-24,
(d) the target sequence is within the B2M gene and wherein the guide RNA comprises a nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 73-84,
(e) the target sequence is within the CIITA gene and wherein the guide RNA comprises a nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 25-48, and/or
(f) the target sequence is within the PD1 gene and wherein the guide RNA comprises a nucleic acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 49-72.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the induction agent is tetracycline, doxycycline, or an analog thereof.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the exogenous receptor is a T cell receptor (TCR) selected from the group consisting of a wild-type TCR, a high affinity TCR, and a chimeric TCR.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the genetically modified immune cell is an allogeneic or autologous human T cell.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the exogenous receptor is a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) comprising an antigen-binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain, and wherein:
(a) the antigen-binding domain is selected from the group consisting of an antibody, an scFv, and a Fab;
(b) the transmembrane domain is selected from the group consisting of an artificial hydrophobic sequence and transmembrane domain of a type I transmembrane protein, an alpha, beta, or zeta chain of a T cell receptor, CD28, CD3 epsilon, CD45, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD9, CD16, CD22, CD33, CD37, CD64, CD80, CD86, CD134, CD137, and CD154;
(c) the intracellular domain comprises at least one co-stimulatory domain selected from the group consisting of co-stimulatory domains of proteins in the TNFR superfamily, CD28, 4-IBB (CD137), OX40 (CD134), PD-I, CD7, LIGHT, CD83L, DAPI0, DAP12, CD27, CD2, CDS, ICAM-1, LFA-1, Lek, TNFR-1, TNFR-11, Fas, CD30, CD40, ICOS, NKG2C, and B7-H3; and/or
(d) the intracellular domain comprises an intracellular domain selected from the group consisting of cytoplasmic signaling domains of a human CD3 zeta chain, FcyRIII, FcsRI, a cytoplasmic tail of an Fe receptor, an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) bearing cytoplasmic receptors, TCR zeta, FcR gamma, FcR beta, CD3 gamma, CD3 delta, CD3 epsilon, CD5, CD22, CD79a, CD79b, and CD66d.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the CAR further comprises a hinge domain, wherein the hinge domain is selected from the group consisting of an Fc fragment of an antibody, a hinge region of an antibody, a CH2 region of an antibody, a CH3 region of an antibody, an artificial hinge domain, a hinge comprising an amino acid sequence of CD8, and any combination thereof.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transactivator protein is selected from the group consisting of a reverse Tet repressor (rTetR), a reverse tetracycline-controlled transactivator protein (rtTA), and a Tet-On 3G transactivator protein.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the constitutive promoter drives constitutive expression of the transactivator protein, and wherein the constitutive promoter is selected from the group consisting of a human phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1 promoter), and a human elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1α) promoter.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inducible promoter comprises one or more repeats of the Tet operator sequence.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inducible promoter is a TRE3GS promoter.
17. The method of claim 4 , wherein the switch receptor is selected from the group consisting of PD1-CTM-CD28, PD1-PTM-CD28, PD1A132L-PTM-CD28, TGFβR-IL12Rβ1 and TGFβR-IL12Rβ2.