PPAR agonists, compounds, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of use thereof
Provided herein are compounds and compositions useful in increasing PPARδ activity. The compounds and compositions provided herein are useful for the treatment of PPARδ related diseases (e.g., muscular diseases, vascular disease, demyelinating disease, and metabolic diseases).
1. A compound of Formula (I):
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
wherein:
R 1 is hydrogen, halogen, —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C 1 -C 4 -haloalkyl, —CN, —C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy, —C 1 -C 4 -haloalkoxy, or —C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl;
Q 1 is CH;
R 2 is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, —C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy, —S(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl), —SO 2 (C 1 -C 4 -alkyl), 5- or 6-membered heterocycle, aryl, 5-membered heteroaryl, —≡—R 2A , —O(CH 2 ) m R 2B , —NH(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl), —N(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl) 2 , or —C(O)(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl), wherein aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with halogen, —OH, —CN, C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, formyl, acetyl, acetoxy, or carboxy, and wherein m is an integer having value of 1, 2, or 3;
x is an integer having a value of 1 or 2;
R 2A is —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C 1 -C 4 -haloalkyl, or —C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl;
R 2B is —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl or —C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl;
each R 20 is independently hydrogen, halogen, —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —CN, or —C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy; and
R 3 is —CH 3 or −CD 3 .
2. The compound of claim 1 , having the structure of Formula (Ia):
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
3. The compound of claim 2 , wherein R 2 is halogen, —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —S(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl), or furanyl, wherein the furanyl can be optionally substituted with —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
4. The compound of claim 2 , wherein R 2 is halogen, —CH 3 , —SCH 3 , or furanyl, wherein the furanyl can be optionally substituted with CH 3 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
5. The compound of claim 4 , wherein R 1 is hydrogen or halogen, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
6. The compound of claim 5 , wherein each R 20 is independently hydrogen or halogen, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
7. The compound of claim 6 , wherein R 2 is chloro, unsubstituted furanyl, —CH 3 , or —SCH 3 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
8. The compound of claim 6 , wherein R 1 is hydrogen or fluoro, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
9. The compound of claim 8 , wherein R 20 is hydrogen or fluoro, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
10. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient and the compound of claim 1 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
11. A method of treating a PPARδ related disease or condition in a subject, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of claim 1 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the PPARδ related disease is a muscle structure disorder, a neuronal activation disorder, a muscle fatigue disorder, a muscle mass disorder, a mitochondrial disease, a beta oxidation disease, a metabolic disease, a cancer, a vascular disease, an ocular vascular disease, a muscular eye disease, or a renal disease.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein:
the muscle structure disorder is selected from Bethlem myopathy, central core disease, congenital fiber type disproportion, distal muscular dystrophy (MD), Duchenne & Becker MD, Emery-Dreifuss MD, facioscapulohumeral MD, hyaline body myopathy, limb-girdle MD, a muscle sodium channel disorders, myotonic chondrodystrophy, myotonic dystrophy, myotubular myopathy, nemaline body disease, oculopharyngeal MD, or stress urinary incontinence; the neuronal activation disorder is selected from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Guillain-Barre syndrome, Lambert-Eaton syndrome, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, nerve lesion, peripheral neuropathy, spinal muscular atrophy, tardy ulnar nerve palsy, or toxic myoneural disorder;
the muscle fatigue disorder is selected from chronic fatigue syndrome, diabetes (type I or II), glycogen storage disease, fibromyalgia, Friedreich's ataxia, intermittent claudication, lipid storage myopathy, MELAS, mucopolysaccharidosis, Pompe disease, or thyrotoxic myopathy; the muscle mass disorder is cachexia, cartilage degeneration, cerebral palsy, compartment syndrome, critical illness myopathy, inclusion body myositis, muscular atrophy (disuse), sarcopenia, steroid myopathy, or systemic lupus erythematosus;
the mitochondrial disease is selected from Alpers's Disease, CPEO-Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, Kearns-Sayra Syndrome (KSS), Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON), MELAS-Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes, MERRF-Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fiber disease, NARP-neurogenic muscle weakness, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa, or Pearson Syndrome;
the beta oxidation disease is selected from systemic carnitine transporter, carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) II deficiency, very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD or VLCAD) deficiency, trifunctional enzyme deficiency, medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency, short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency or riboflavin-responsive disorders of β-oxidation (RR-MADD);
the metabolic disease is selected from hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, hyperchlolesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, HDL hypocholesterolemia, LDL hypercholesterolemia and/or HLD non-cholesterolemia, VLDL hyperproteinemia, dyslipoproteinemia, apolipoprotein A-I hypoproteinemia, atherosclerosis, disease of arterial sclerosis, disease of cardiovascular systems, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral circulatory disease, metabolic syndrome, syndrome X, obesity, diabetes (type I or II), hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinism, diabetic complication, cardiac insufficiency, cardiac infarction, cardiomyopathy, hypertension, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), thrombus, Alzheimer disease, neurodegenerative disease, demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis, adrenal leukodystrophy, dermatitis, psoriasis, acne, skin aging, trichosis, inflammation, arthritis, asthma, hypersensitive intestine syndrome, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, or pancreatitis;
the cancer is a cancer of the colon, large intestine, skin, breast, prostate, ovary, or lung;
the vascular disease is selected from peripheral vascular insufficiency, peripheral vascular disease, intermittent claudication, peripheral vascular disease (PVD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD), or peripheral obliterative arteriopathy;
the ocular vascular disease is selected from age-related macular degeneration (AMD), stargardt disease, hypertensive retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy, macular degeneration, retinal haemorrhage, or glaucoma;
the muscular eye disease is selected from strabismus, progressive external ophthalmoplegia, esotropia, exotropia, a disorder of refraction and accommodation, hypermetropia, myopia, astigmatism, anisometropia, presbyopia, a disorders of accommodation, or internal ophthalmoplegia; and
the renal disease is selected from glomerulonephritis, glomerulosclerosis, nephrotic syndrome, hypertensive nephrosclerosis, acute nephritis, recurrent hematuria, persistent hematuria, chronic nephritis, rapidly progressive nephritis, acute renal failure, chronic renal failure, diabetic nephropathy, or Bartter's syndrome.
14. A method of treating a disease or condition in a subject, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the disease or condition is Alpers Disease, chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO), Kearns-Sayre Syndrome (KSS), Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON), MELAS-mitochondrial myopathy, encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes, myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fiber disease (MERRF), neurogenic muscle weakness-ataxia-retinitis pigmentosa (NARP), or Pearson Syndrome.
15. A method of treating Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in a subject, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
16. A method of treating chronic fatigue syndrome in a subject, comprising administering to the subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds of claim 1 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.