Rapid-induction sinter forge for roll-to-roll continuous manufacturing of thin films
A method of and apparatus for sinter forging a precursor powder to form a film may reduce or eliminate the stress in the film and may facilitate processing of continuous length of films such as ceramic films for use in batteries. The precursor powder can be provided on a substrate and is simultaneously heated and pressed in a pressing direction parallel to a thickness of the film so as to sinter and densify the precursor powder to form the film in a sinter forging area. Notably, in a plane perpendicular to the pressing direction, there are no lateral constraints on the sinter forging area or the material received therein.
1. A method of sinter forging a precursor powder to form a film, the method comprising:
supporting a green yet-unsintered precursor powder on a substrate; and
simultaneously heating and pressing the green yet-unsintered precursor powder in a pressing direction parallel to a thickness of the film so as to sinter and densify the precursor powder to form the film in a sinter forging area and wherein, in a plane perpendicular to the pressing direction, there are no lateral constraints on the sinter forging area.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the simultaneous application of heat and pressure produces deformation and pressure-aided sintering in the precursor powder to produce a dense ceramic body.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein frictional stress between the film and the substrate produces a hydrostatic stress state in the film during sintering.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein a combination of stress of applied pressure and frictional pressure produces a hydrostatic stress state in the film during sintering.
5. A method of sinter forging a precursor powder to form a film, the method comprising:
supporting a precursor powder on a substrate; and
simultaneously heating and pressing the precursor powder in a pressing direction parallel to a thickness of the film so as to sinter and densify the precursor powder to form the film in a sinter forging area and wherein, in a plane perpendicular to the pressing direction, there are no lateral constraints on the sinter forging area,
wherein, when the precursor powder is not being simultaneously heated and pressed, the substrate is movable in a direction generally along the plane perpendicular to the pressing direction.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the method further comprises iteratively performing the steps of:
(a) simultaneously heating and pressing the precursor powder to form the film;
(b) removing pressure from the film; and
(c) advancing the precursor powder and the substrate to introduce yet-unsintered precursor powder into the sinter forging area;
whereby a continuous length of the substrate having a length exceeding a maximum dimension of the sinter forging area has one or more films formed thereon by cyclic sinter forging.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of simultaneously heating and pressing the precursor powder is performed by a piston that is part of an apparatus that articulates the piston into and out of the sinter forging area.
8. The method of claim 7 , further comprising the step of heating the piston using induction heating by use of induction coils that surround the piston.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the piston comprises graphite.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of heating the substrate using induction heating by use of induction coils that surround the substrate.
11. The method of claim 7 , further comprising, prior to the step of simultaneously heating and pressing the precursor powder, applying a release layer to prevent adhesion of the piston and the film.
12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of providing an environmental gas around the sinter forging area.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the precursor powder is part of a powder slurry.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the precursor powder includes a binder.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride, poly(methylmethacrylate), poly(vinylacetate), polyvinyl alcohol, polyethyleneoxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl ether, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyacrylate, polyvinylchloride, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylpyridine, styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers, cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, and mixtures thereof.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the precursor powder is a metal or ceramic material.
17. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the sintered film comprises a solid electrolyte material that can be any combination oxide or phosphate materials with the garnet, perovskite, NaSICON, or LiSICON phase.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the sintered film comprises a solid electrolyte material comprising a ceramic material having a formula of Li w A x M 2 Re 3-y O z ,
wherein w is 5-7.5,
wherein A is selected from B, Al, Ga, In, Zn, Cd, Y, Sc, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and any combination thereof,
wherein x is 0-2,
wherein M is selected from Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Sn, Ge, Si, Sb, Se, Te, and any combination thereof,
wherein Re is selected from lanthanide elements, actinide elements, and any combination thereof,
wherein y is 0-0.75,
wherein z is 10.875-13.125, and
wherein the ceramic material has a garnet-type or garnet-like crystal structure.
19. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the sintered film comprises a sulfide-based solid electrolyte material including at least lithium, sulfur, and phosphorous.
20. The method of claim 19 wherein:
the sulfide-based solid electrolyte material is selected from the group consisting of Li 7 P 3 S 11 , Li 7 PS 6 , Li 4 P 2 S 6 , Li 3 PS 6 , Li 3 PS 4 , Li 2 P 2 S 6 , Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 (LGPS), and argyrodite-type solid electrolyte materials selected from Li 7-x PS 6-x Cl x , Li 7-x PS 6-x Br x , and Li 7-x PS 6-x I x , wherein 0≤x≤2.
21. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the sintered film comprises a lithium host material.
22. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the sintered film comprises a lithium host material selected from the group consisting of (i) lithium metal oxides wherein the metal is one or more aluminum, cobalt, iron, manganese, nickel and vanadium, and (ii) lithium-containing phosphates having a general formula LiMPO 4 wherein M is one or more of cobalt, iron, manganese, and nickel.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of simultaneously heating and pressing the precursor powder comprises heating at a temperature between 30° C. to 2000° C. and pressing between 1 MPa to 500 MPa.
24. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of simultaneously heating and pressing the precursor powder comprises heating at a temperature between 500° C. to 1300° C. and pressing between 1 MPa to 50 MPa.
25. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sintered film has greater than 90% relative density with less than 90 minutes of sinter forging time.
26. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sintered film has greater than 98% relative density with less than 5 minutes of sinter forging time.
27. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sintered film has a thickness between 1 nanometer and 500 micrometers.
28. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sintered film has a thickness between 1 nanometer and 100 micrometers.
29. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate has a thickness between 1 nanometer and 100 micrometers.
30. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises a metallic material selected from the group consisting of nickel, molybdenum, titanium, zirconium, tantalum, alloy steel, carbon steel, stainless steel, nickel based super alloys, cobalt based super alloys, copper, aluminum, iron, or mixtures thereof.
31. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises a bimetal having a first layer comprising a first metallic material and a second layer comprising a second metallic material.
32. The method of claim 31 wherein:
the first metallic material is selected from the group consisting of nickel, molybdenum, titanium, zirconium, tantalum, nickel based super alloys, cobalt based super alloys, copper, or mixtures thereof, and
the second material is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, nickel, alloy steel, carbon steel, stainless steel, nickel based super alloys, or mixtures thereof.
33. The method of claim 32 wherein:
the first metallic material comprises nickel, and
the second material comprises stainless steel.
34. The method of claim 32 , wherein the first layer has a thickness between 1 nanometer and 100 micrometers, and the second layer has a thickness between 1 nanometer and 100 micrometers.
35. A method of sinter forging a precursor powder to form a film, the method comprising:
supporting a precursor powder on a substrate; and
simultaneously heating and pressing the precursor powder in a pressing direction parallel to a thickness of the film so as to sinter and densify the precursor powder to form the film in a sinter forging area and wherein, in a plane perpendicular to the pressing direction, there are no lateral constraints on the sinter forging area,
wherein a graphite particle layer is positioned between the substrate and the precursor powder.
36. The method of claim 35 wherein the graphite particle layer has a thickness between 1 μm and 10 μm.
37. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
depositing a flexible material around the film.
38. The method of claim 37 wherein:
the flexible material comprises a polymeric material.
39. The method of claim 37 wherein:
the flexible material comprises a polymeric material selected from the group consisting of polyolefins, polystyrene, divinylbenzene, ethylene vinyl acetate polymers and co-polymers, silicone polymers, and styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer, and blends and mixtures thereof.
40. A method of sinter forging a precursor powder to form a film, the method comprising:
supporting a green yet-unsintered precursor powder on a substrate; and
simultaneously heating and pressing the green yet-unsintered precursor powder in a pressing direction parallel to a thickness of the film so as to sinter and densify the precursor powder to form the film in a sinter forging area and wherein, in a plane perpendicular to the pressing direction, there are no lateral constraints on the sinter forging area,
wherein a thickness dimension of the film is less than a width of the film and a length of the film.