Use of Combinatorial Non-Coding DNA Snippets as Taggants in Consumer Products and Supply Chains

1 . A method for tagging items comprising:

mixing a plurality of non-coding DNA tags with a solution comprising one or more components, to provide a DNA-containing solution;

introducing the DNA-containing solution to an item to be a tagged item, wherein a selection of particular tags in or on the tagged item corresponds with a binary or nonbinary code sequence containing information about the tagged item and wherein a non-coding DNA tag comprises a DNA sequence that would not otherwise be present in or on the tagged item; and

recording details of the tagged item and details of the particular tags onto a blockchain transaction.

2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-coding DNA tags are encapsulated in the DNA-containing solution.

3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein mixing the plurality of non-coding DNA tags with a solution comprising one or more components provides a liposomal or micellar structure containing non-coding DNA tags.

4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more components comprise pill or tablet coating components, and wherein the tagged item comprises a pill or tablet.

5 . The method of claim 4 , wherein the pill or tablet coating components are coating configured to be used in a pharmaceutical product, a nutraceutical product, a vitamin, or a health or nutritional supplement.

6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-coding DNA tags comprise a concentration of 1% or less of the DNA-containing solution.

7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the tagged item comprises a pharmaceutical product.

8 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the information about the tagged item includes information as to a source of an ingredient of the pharmaceutical product.

9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the items are tracked in a supply and/or distribution chain.

10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein DNA tags are selected from among a set of DNA tags and the selection represents and/or corresponds to a label that is a binary word with bits in bit positions corresponding to whether a particular DNA tag was selected, and wherein the DNA tags of the selection are combined with a carrier to form a taggant that is applied to surfaces requiring sanitary handling or items to be tagged.

11 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising recording, on a public blockchain, the blockchain transaction and including information related to a tagging and/or labeling process in the blockchain transaction.

12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-coding DNA tags include at least N unique specific target fragments of synthetic DNA, wherein each of the at least N unique specific target fragments of synthetic DNA corresponds to a binary value of zero or a binary value of one.

13 . A DNA-tagged item, comprising:

an item to be a tagged item, in combination with a liposomal or micellar structure containing non-coding DNA tags;

wherein the liposomal or micellar structure containing non-coding DNA tags comprises a plurality of non-coding DNA tags in combination with one or more components in a product formulation or coating solution; and

wherein a selection of particular tags on the tagged item corresponds with a binary or nonbinary code sequence containing information about the tagged item and wherein a non-coding DNA tag comprises a DNA sequence that would not otherwise be present in or on the tagged item.

14 . The DNA-tagged item of claim 13 , wherein DNA tags are selected from among a set of DNA tags and the selection represents and/or corresponds to a label that is a binary word with bits in bit positions corresponding to whether a particular DNA tag was selected, and wherein the DNA tags of the selection are combined with a carrier to form a taggant that is applied to surfaces requiring sanitary handling or items to be tagged.

15 . The DNA-tagged item of claim 13 , wherein the selection of particular tags on the tagged item is recorded on a blockchain transaction, and wherein the blockchain transaction is recorded on a public blockchain and includes information related to a tagging and/or labeling process in the blockchain transaction.

16 . The DNA-tagged item of claim 15 , wherein the information related to a tagging and/or labeling process includes one or more of a time of production, a name of a company, production details, a type of ingredient, a supervisor name, a batch size, an expected customer, a serial number of a taggant dispenser, a label assigned to a batch, a code alphabet, error correction used, a taggant suspension type, and/or sequences of DNA nucleotides used for the plurality of non-coding DNA tags.

17 . The DNA-tagged item of claim 13 , wherein the non-coding DNA tags comprise a taggant material including at least N unique pieces of DNA, representing N digits of a bar code that identifies the taggant material, N being a positive integer greater than 1, wherein each of the at least N unique pieces of DNA represents one value of a corresponding one of the N digits.

18 . The DNA-tagged item of claim 13 , wherein the non-coding DNA tags include at least N unique specific target fragments of synthetic DNA, wherein each of the at least N unique specific target fragments of synthetic DNA corresponds to a binary value of zero or a binary value of one.

19 . A method of tracking production of a DNA-tagged item, comprising:

obtaining a unique sequence of N characters, N being an integer greater than one, each character having a character value selected from an alphabet of M possible character values, M being an integer greater than one, and each character having a character position within the unique sequence of N characters;

selecting a subset of DNA snippets, to form a DNA tag, from among a set of K*N noncoding DNA snippets, wherein each specific DNA snippet in the subset of DNA snippets is associated with a specific character value and character position and representing the unique sequence of N characters;

combining the DNA tag with one or more coating components to form a DNA-containing coating solution;

applying the DNA-containing coating solution to an item; and

posting a blockchain transaction to a blockchain ledger, wherein the blockchain transaction includes a reference to the unique sequence of N characters and additional information about the item.

20 . The method of claim 19 , further comprising:

obtaining a sample from the DNA-tagged item;

testing the sample to identify which of the K*N noncoding DNA snippets are present on the item; and

read the blockchain ledger to find the blockchain transaction that has the additional information about the item that corresponds to the unique sequence of N characters represented by the DNA snippets found in the sample.