Combined immunoassay and magnetic immunoassay methods for extended range of sensitivity

1. A method for determining a concentration of a target analyte in a sample, the method comprising:

introducing the sample into a sample chamber of a sensing device;

moving the sample from the sample chamber to a conduit of the sensing device, the conduit comprising a sensor chip, wherein the sensor chip includes a first immunosensor having an immobilized layer of capture antibodies configured to bind to the target analyte, and a second immunosensor having a magnetic field localized around the second immunosensor;

forming a first complex and a second complex in the sample, wherein the first complex

includes signal antibodies and the target analyte, and the second complex includes the first complex and capture antibodies immobilized on magnetic beads;

contacting the first immunosensor with the sample comprising the first complex and the second complex to form a third complex localized on or near a surface of the first immunosensor, wherein the third complex includes the first complex bound to the immobilized capture antibodies; contacting the magnetic field localized around the second immunosensor with the sample comprising the first complex and the second complex such that the second complex is localized on or near a surface of the second immunosensor;

applying a substrate to the first immunosensor and the second immunosensor;

measuring a first signal at the first immunosensor from a reaction of the substrate with the signal antibodies in the third complex that are localized on or near the surface of the first immunosensor;

measuring a second signal at the second immunosensor from a reaction of the substrate with the signal antibodies in the second complex that are localized on or near the surface of the second immunosensor;

determining a first concentration of the analyte in an upper concentration range based on the first signal;

determining a second concentration of the analyte in a lower concentration range based on the second signal; and

determining the concentration of the target analyte in the sample based on the first concentration, the second concentration, and a predetermined crossover concentration zone as:

the first concentration when one or both of the first concentration and the second concentration are greater than the predetermined crossover concentration zone,

the second concentration when one or both of the first concentration and the second concentration are less than the predetermined crossover concentration zone, and

a weighted average of the first concentration and the second concentration when both the first concentration and the second concentration are within the predetermined crossover concentration zone.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first immunosensor and the second immunosensor are electrochemical immunosensors, and the first signal and the second signal are electrochemical signals.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the signal antibodies are conjugated with an enzyme.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the enzyme is alkaline phosphatase.

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the substrate is a phosphorylated molecule configured such that, when a phosphate moiety is removed, the phosphorylated molecule becomes electroactive.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first immunosensor is configured to generate the first signal as indicative of a concentration of the target analyte in a first range.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the first range is greater than 2000 pg/mL.

8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the second immunosensor is configured to generate the second signal as indicative of a concentration of the target analyte in a second range.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the second range is from 0 to 250 pg/mL.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the target analyte is cardiac troponin I (cTnl).

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the first immunosensor is configured to generate the first signal as indicative of a concentration of the cardiac troponin I above 1000 pg/mL.

12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the second immunosensor is configured to generate the second signal as indicative of a concentration of the cardiac troponin I in a range from about 0 to about 1000 pg/mL.

13. A non-transitory machine readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon, which, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform a method for determining a concentration of a target analyte in a sample, the method comprising:

moving a sample from a sample chamber to a conduit comprising a sensor chip, a first dry reagent, and a second dry reagent, wherein the moving results in the first dry reagent and the second dry reagent dissolving into the sample and forming a first complex and a second complex, the first complex including signal antibodies and the target analyte, and the second complex including the first complex and capture antibodies immobilized on magnetic beads, and wherein the sensor chip includes a first immunosensor having an immobilized layer of capture antibodies configured to bind to the target analyte, and a second immunosensor having a magnetic field localized around the second immunosensor;

moving the sample into contact with the first immunosensor, such that the first complex and the second complex form a third complex localized on or near a surface of the first immunosensor, wherein the third complex includes the first complex bound to the immobilized capture antibodies; moving the sample into contact with the magnetic field localized around the second immunosensor with the sample comprising the first complex and the second complex, such that the second complex is localized on or near a surface of the second immunosensor;

moving a substrate into contact with the first immunosensor and the second immunosensor;

measuring a first signal at the first immunosensor from a reaction of the substrate with the signal antibodies in the third complex that are localized on or near the surface of the first immunosensor;

measuring a second signal at the second immunosensor from a reaction of the substrate with the signal antibodies in the second complex that are localized on or near the surface of the second immunosensor;

determining a first concentration of the analyte in an upper concentration range based on the first signal;

determining a second concentration of the analyte in a lower concentration range based on the second signal;

determining the concentration of the target analyte in the sample based on the first concentration, the second concentration, and a predetermined crossover concentration zone as:

the first concentration when one or both of the first concentration and the second concentration are greater than a predetermined crossover concentration zone,

the second concentration when one or both of the first concentration and the second concentration are less than the predetermined crossover concentration zone, and

a weighted average of the first concentration and the second concentration when both the first concentration and the second concentration are within the predetermined crossover concentration zone.

14. The non-transitory machine readable storage medium of claim 13 , wherein the first immunosensor and the second immunosensor are electrochemical immunosensors, and the first signal and the second signal are electrochemical signals.

15. The non-transitory machine readable storage medium of claim 13 , wherein the signal antibodies are conjugated with an enzyme.

16. The non-transitory machine readable storage medium of claim 15 , wherein the enzyme is alkaline phosphatase.

17. The non-transitory machine readable storage medium of claim 16 , wherein the substrate is a phosphorylated molecule configured such that, when a phosphate moiety is removed, the phosphorylated molecule becomes electroactive.

18. The non-transitory machine readable storage medium of claim 13 , wherein the target analyte is cardiac troponin I (cTnl).

19. The non-transitory machine readable storage medium of claim 13 , wherein the moving the sample with the target analyte from the sample chamber to the conduit comprises oscillating the sample over the first dry reagent and the second dry reagent, which are disposed on a surface of the sensor chip.

20. The non-transitory machine readable storage medium of claim 13 , wherein the moving the substrate into contact with the first immunosensor and the second immunosensor comprises actuating a pump that punctures a package with the substrate and expels the substrate into another conduit in fluidic communication with the conduit comprising the sensor chip.

21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined crossover concentration zone is 250 to 2000 pg/ml.

22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined crossover concentration zone is 400 to 1800 pg/ml.

23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined crossover concentration zone is 800 to 1600 pg/ml.