Process for rapidly manufacturing ultrasmall phase-change VO2 nanomaterial
The invention provides a method for continuously producing composite nanoparticles, the method comprising heating a precursor mixture with supercritical water, wherein the mixture contains a first compound capable of transitioning from a monoclinic to a tetragonal rutile crystal state; cooling the heated mixture to obtain core particles of a predetermined shape and size; encapsulating the core particle with a second precursor to create a core-shell construct; and encapsulating the construct with an organic material. Also provided is a device for continuously synthesizing composite nanoparticles, the device comprising a water supply and a precursor supply; a means for heating the water, a continuous flow hydrothermal reaction chamber adapted to receive the heated water and precursor, a means for chilling the heated water and precursor, and a capping agent supply positioned downstream of the reaction chamber. The invention also provides a nanocomposite particle comprising a core region, and a conformal organic overcoat.
1. A method for continuously producing nanoparticles, the method comprising:
a) heating a room temperature precursor with supercritical fluid to create a mixture, wherein the mixture contains a first compound capable of reversibly transitioning from a monoclinic to a tetragonal rutile crystal state, wherein the supercritical fluid is applied via a porous nozzle having multiple pores;
b) maintaining a concentration of the precursor to a range of 0.01 to 1 mol/L to minimize particle growth and size to produce particles comprising solely monoclinic crystals;
c) cooling the heated mixture to stop particle growth; and
d) encapsulating the particles with an organic material to create a construct, wherein the organic material forms a conformal film over the particles to control light flow around the particles.
2. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the nanoparticles are between 3 and 50 nm in diameter with a size distribution of 3 nm.
3. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the supercritical fluid is water at more than 374° C. and supplied at a flow rate that is more than 3-times higher than a flow rate of the precursor to increase the temperature of the mixture to enable the formation of the solely monoclinic crystals.
4. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the organic material is continuously supplied as a solute to the supercritical fluid and wherein the organic material covalently attaches to the nanoparticles at temperatures above 374° C.
5. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the precursor defines a V 4+ solution derived from vanadium compounds and is supplied at a concentration of 0.02M or below.
6. The method as recited in claim 5 wherein the vanadium compounds are oxygen containing compounds selected from the group consisting of V 2 O 5 , VOSO 4 , VOCl 2 , and combinations thereof.
7. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the encapsulating step generates a colloid effluent to functionalize the construct and simultaneously separate the construct from the colloid effluent.
8. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the organic material is a compound selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids, amines, polymers, polyols, and combinations thereof.
9. The method as recited in claim 1 further comprising heating the particles to between 300° C. and 500° C. to provide a uniform temperature field to prevent the generation of low-temperature phase VO 2 or mixed phase VO 2 nanoparticle materials.
10. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the particles are produced at temperatures higher than about 240° C. but below about 450° C., at pressures below about 240 bar, and a resident time within about 2 minutes.
11. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the step of heating the precursor comprises heating the precursor by the supercritical fluid in a first reaction conduit and then via contact with a second reaction conduit radially displaced from and concentrically positioned with the first reaction conduit, wherein the encapsulation occurs along the length of the first reaction conduit.
12. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the nozzle has pores all of about 20 micrometers.
13. A method for continuously producing nanoparticles, the method comprising:
a) heating a room temperature precursor with supercritical fluid wherein the mixture contains a first compound capable of reversibly transitioning from a monoclinic to a tetragonal rutile crystal state, wherein the supercritical fluid is applied via a porous nozzle;
b) varying concentration of the precursor to a range of 0.01 to 1 mol/L to minimize particle growth and size to produce particles comprising solely monoclinic crystals;
c) cooling the heated mixture to stop particle growth; and
d) encapsulating the particles with an organic material to create a construct, wherein the organic material forms a conformal film over the particles to control light flow around the particles,
wherein the supercritical fluid is applied at a first flow rate which is three times higher than a second flow rate of the precursor.
14. The method as recited in claim 11 wherein precursor flows in opposition to the flow of the supercritical fluid and perpendicular to the flow of the supercritical fluid.
15. The method as recited in claim 1 wherein the concentration of precursor is 0.01 mol/L.