Start-up control in power systems using fixed-ratio conversion
A power converter system converts power from an input source for delivery to an active load. An input current surge at startup may be reduced by combining power converter switch resistance modulation with active load control. In another aspect, an input current surge at startup in an array of power converters may be reduced by periodically reconfiguring the array during the startup phase to accumulatively increase the output voltage up to a predetermined output voltage. A power converter may include a controller that provides an over-current signal to the load to reduce the load or advise of potential voltage perturbations.
1. An apparatus comprising:
a controller configured to operate one or more power switches in a series of power conversion cycles, during which power received from a power converter input at an input voltage, V IN , and input current, I IN , is converted for delivery to a power converter output at an output voltage, V OUT , and an output current, I OUT , during start-up and steady-state phases of operation using a transformation ratio, K, where K=V OUT V IN , that is essentially constant;
the controller being configured to turn one or more of the power switches ON for a first duration in the start-up phase to limit the input current, I IN , or output current, I OUT , or both of the power converter;
the controller being configured to turn one or more of the power switches ON for a second duration in the steady-state phase, the second duration being longer than the first duration;
the controller being configured to disable a load during the start-up phase and selectively enable the power conversion in the start-up phase after power is applied to the converter input;
wherein the controller is adapted to enable the load during the steady state phase.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the controller has an input for sensing a current and adjusting operation of the converter.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein the controller is further adapted in the start-up phase to evaluate whether a current meets or exceeds a predetermined criteria and generate a signal in response to the evaluation.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the predetermined criteria includes a predetermined change in output current.
5. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the predetermined criteria includes a predetermined rate of change in output current.
6. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the predetermined criteria includes a predetermined threshold level of output current.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the controller is further adapted to sense an input voltage, V IN , and an output voltage, V OUT , and adjust operation of the converter.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the controller is further adapted to operate the one or more power switches to allow a current flowing in the converter to charge and discharge capacitances in the one or more power switches.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the controller is further adapted to operate the one or more power switches to allow a current through one or more of the one or more power switches to be reduced prior to turning said one or more power switches ON or OFF.
10. An apparatus for delivering power from an input source at a source voltage, V S , to a load at a load voltage, V L , the apparatus comprising:
a switching power converter having a converter input, a converter output, a plurality of power switching elements, a transformer, and a switch controller adapted to operate the switching power converter in a series of converter operating cycles during a start-up phase and during a steady-state phase of operation to convert power received from the converter input at an input voltage, V IN , and input current, I IN , via the transformer for delivery to the converter output at an output voltage, V OUT , and an output current, I OUT ,
the switching power converter using a transformation ratio, K, where K=V OUT /V IN , that is essentially constant over a range of input voltages in the steady-state phase;
the switching power converter being adapted in the steady-state phase to drive the transformer using one or more of the power switching elements in a series of standard converter operating cycles, the standard converter operating cycles having a standard period and a standard ON time;
the switching power converter being adapted in the start-up phase to drive the transformer in a series of start-up converter operating cycles, the start-up converter operating cycles having a start-up period and a start-up ON time, wherein the start-up ON period is shorter than the standard period, the start-up ON time is shorter than the standard ON time, or both;
the switching power converter being adapted in the start-up phase to limit the input current, I IN , or output current, I OUT , or both; and
the switching power converter having an output to provide a control signal to disable the load during the start-up phase and to enable the load during the steady-state phase.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the switch controller further comprises an input for sensing the output voltage, V OUT , and operates the switching power converter in the start-up phase when the output voltage is below a first threshold and in the steady-state phase when the output voltage is above a second threshold.
12. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the switch controller begins operation of the bus converter in the start-up phase after the switch controller receives power and a converter enable signal.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the switch controller further comprises an input for sensing a current in the switching power converter.
14. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein a current flowing in the switching power converter charges and discharges capacitances in the switching power converter to reduce a voltage across one or more of the power switching elements prior to turn ON.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the voltage across said one or more power switching elements is reduced to essentially zero volts prior to turn ON.
16. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the switching power converter further comprises input circuitry including one or more primary power switching elements connected to drive the transformer and output circuitry connected to receive power from the transformer; wherein the input circuitry comprises a winding having a first number of turns, the output circuitry comprises a winding having a second number of turns, and the transformation ratio is a function of a ratio of the first number of turns to the second number of turns.
17. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the bus converter further comprises input circuitry and output circuitry, and at least a portion of the input circuitry and output circuitry are galvanically connected in series across the source for at least a portion of the converter operating cycle, such that an absolute value of the input voltage, V IN , applied to the input circuit is approximately equal to the absolute value of the DC source voltage V S minus a number, N, times the absolute value of the output voltage, V OUT , where N is at least 1.
18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the switching power converter further comprises input circuitry and output circuitry, and at least a portion of the input circuitry and output circuitry are galvanically connected in series across the source for at least a portion of the converter operating cycle, such that an absolute value of the input voltage, V IN , applied to the input circuit is approximately equal to the absolute value of the DC source voltage V S minus a number, N, times the absolute value of the output voltage, V OUT , where N is at least 1.
19. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the start-up period is shorter than the standard period.
20. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the start-up ON time is shorter than the standard ON time.
21. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the start-up ON time is shorter than the standard ON time and the start-up period is shorter than the standard period.