Forming electrochromic stacks using at most one metallic lithium deposition station
The present disclosure describes various processes of forming an electrochromic stack using at most one metallic lithium deposition station. In some aspects, a process may include depositing metallic lithium only within an electrochromic counter-electrode of an electrochromic stack. In some aspects, a process may include using a lithium-containing ceramic counter-electrode target to form an electrochromic counter-electrode and depositing metallic lithium only within or above an electrochromic electrode of the electrochromic stack. In some embodiments, a process may include using a lithium-containing ceramic electrode target, and optionally additionally depositing metallic lithium to add mobile lithium to the electrochromic stack. In some embodiments, a process may include using a single metallic lithium deposition station to deposit metallic lithium between an ion-conducting layer and an electrochromic electrode of the electrochromic stack.
1. A process of forming an electrochromic stack, the process comprising:
depositing, at an electrode station, at least a portion of an electrochromic electrode (EC) layer of an electrochromic stack;
depositing, at a single metallic lithium station, metallic lithium onto the electrochromic EC layer deposited at the electrode station; and
depositing, at a counter-electrode station, an electrochromic counter-electrode (CE) layer of the electrochromic stack utilizing a lithium-containing ceramic counter-electrode target.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the portion of the electrochromic EC layer of the electrochromic stack comprises a first portion, and wherein the process further comprises depositing, at a second electrode station, a second portion of the electrochromic EC layer onto the metallic lithium deposited at the single metallic lithium station.
3. The process of claim 2 , wherein the first portion of the electrochromic EC layer has a first thickness that is not less than 20 nm, and wherein the first portion of the electrochromic EC layer and the second portion of the electrochromic EC layer have a combined thickness of about 400 nm.
4. The process of claim 2 , further comprising depositing, at an ion-conducting (IC) station, an IC layer of the electrochromic stack onto the second portion of the electrochromic EC layer deposited at the second electrode station.
5. The process of claim 1 , further comprising depositing, at an ion-conducting (IC) station, an IC layer of the electrochromic stack onto the metallic lithium deposited at the single metallic lithium station.
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the lithium-containing ceramic counter-electrode target is a mixed lithium-nickel-tungsten (Li:Ni:W) ceramic target.
7. The process of claim 1 , further comprising:
depositing, at an underlayer station, an underlayer of the electrochromic stack;
depositing, at a first conductive layer station, a first conductive layer of the electrochromic stack, wherein the at least a portion of the electrochromic EC layer is deposited onto the first conductive layer deposited at the first conductive layer station;
depositing, at a second conductive layer station, a second conductive layer of the electrochromic stack wherein the electrochromic CE layer is deposited onto the second conductive layer deposited at the second conductive layer station; and
depositing, at an overlayer station, an overlayer of the electrochromic stack.
8. The process of claim 7 , further comprising performing a heat treatment of the electrochromic stack subsequent to depositing the overlayer.
9. An electrochromic stack having a single layer of metallic lithium disposed within the electrochromic stack, the electrochromic stack comprising:
an electrochromic electrode (EC) layer;
a metallic lithium layer directly overlying the electrochromic EC layer, wherein the metallic lithium layer is the only layer of the electrochromic stack deposited with metallic lithium; and
an electrochromic counter-electrode (CE) layer overlying the metallic lithium layer, the electrochromic CE layer comprising a LiNiWO x material.
10. The electrochromic stack of claim 9 , further comprising an ion-conducting (IC) layer disposed between the metallic lithium layer and the electrochromic CE layer.
11. The electrochromic stack of claim 9 , wherein:
the electrochromic EC layer includes a first portion and a second portion;
the metallic lithium layer directly overlies the first portion of the electrochromic EC layer; and
the second portion of the electrochromic EC layer directly overlies the metallic lithium layer.
12. The electrochromic stack of claim 11 , further comprising an ion-conducting (IC) layer disposed between the second portion of the electrochromic EC layer and the electrochromic CE layer.
13. The electrochromic stack of claim 11 , wherein the first portion of the electrochromic EC layer has a first thickness that is not less than 20 nm, and wherein the first portion of the electrochromic EC layer and the second portion of the electrochromic EC layer have a combined thickness of about 400 nm.
14. An electrochromic device, comprising:
an electrochromic stack having a single layer of metallic lithium disposed within the electrochromic stack, the electrochromic stack comprising:
an electrochromic electrode (EC) layer;
a metallic lithium layer directly overlying the electrochromic EC layer, wherein the metallic lithium layer is the only layer of the electrochromic stack deposited with metallic lithium; and
an electrochromic counter-electrode (CE) layer overlying the metallic lithium layer, the electrochromic CE layer comprising a LiNiWO x material.
15. The electrochromic device of claim 14 , further comprising an ion-conducting (IC) layer disposed between the metallic lithium layer and the electrochromic CE layer.
16. The electrochromic device of claim 14 , wherein:
the electrochromic EC layer of the electrochromic stack includes a first portion and a second portion;
the metallic lithium layer directly overlies the first portion of the electrochromic EC layer; and
the second portion of the electrochromic EC layer directly overlies the metallic lithium layer.
17. The electrochromic device of claim 16 , further comprising an ion-conducting (IC) layer disposed between the second portion of the electrochromic EC layer and the electrochromic CE layer.
18. The electrochromic device of claim 16 , wherein the first portion of the electrochromic EC layer has a first thickness that is not less than 20 nm, and wherein the first portion of the electrochromic EC layer and the second portion of the electrochromic EC layer have a combined thickness of about 400 nm.
19. An electrochromic stack formed according to a process comprising:
depositing, at an electrode station, at least a portion of an electrochromic electrode (EC) layer of an electrochromic stack;
depositing, at a single metallic lithium station, metallic lithium onto the electrochromic EC layer deposited at the electrode station; and
depositing, at a counter-electrode station, an electrochromic counter-electrode (CE) layer of the electrochromic stack utilizing a lithium-containing ceramic counter-electrode target.
20. The electrochromic stack of claim 19 , the process further comprising performing a heat treatment of the electrochromic stack subsequent to depositing the electrochromic CE layer.