Water electrolysis and cryogenic liquefaction system

1. A water electrolysis and cryogenic hydrogen liquefaction system, comprising:

a water stream in fluid communication with an anode side chamber of an electrolyzer; the electrolyzer comprising the anode side chamber, a cathode side chamber, and an electrolyzer membrane and electrode assembly located between the anode side chamber and the cathode side chamber;

a deep space oxygen radiator in fluid communication with the anode side chamber of the electrolyzer via a separated oxygen stream;

a cryogenic heat exchanger comprising an oxygen storage tank in fluid communication with the deep space oxygen radiator via a cooled oxygen stream;

an electrochemical hydrogen compressor in fluid communication with the cathode side chamber via a separated hydrogen stream;

a hydrogen storage tank in fluid communication with the electrochemical hydrogen compressor via a cooled hydrogen stream that is cooled by at least one recuperative heat exchanger and at least one deep space hydrogen radiator;

wherein at least a portion of the cooled hydrogen stream is in a first fluid communication with an expansion valve and the cryogenic heat exchanger that is located downstream of the expansion valve;

wherein the hydrogen storage tank is in a second fluid communication with the electrochemical hydrogen compressor via a warmed hydrogen stream that is warmed by the at least one recuperative heat exchanger; and

wherein the cryogenic heat exchanger is in fluid communication with the warmed hydrogen stream via a heat-exchanged hydrogen stream.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical hydrogen compressor comprises a low-pressure chamber, a high-pressure chamber, and a compressor membrane and electrode assembly located between the low-pressure chamber and the high-pressure chamber; wherein the separated hydrogen stream is in fluid communication with the low-pressure chamber and wherein the cooled hydrogen stream is in fluid communication with the high-pressure chamber.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the expansion valve is a Joule-Thomson valve.

4. The system of claim 1 , further comprising an oxygen expansion valve located along the cooled oxygen stream upstream of the oxygen storage tank; wherein the oxygen expansion valve is optionally a Joule-Thomson valve.

5. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a hydrogen storage expansion valve located along the cooled hydrogen stream upstream of the hydrogen storage tank; wherein the hydrogen storage expansion valve is optionally a Joule-Thomson valve.

6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one recuperative heat exchanger includes a first recuperative heat exchanger, a second recuperative heat exchanger, and a third recuperative heat exchanger;

wherein the first recuperative heat exchanger is in the first fluid communication with the electrochemical hydrogen compressor via a compressed hydrogen stream;

wherein the deep space hydrogen radiator is in the first fluid communication with the first recuperative heat exchanger via a first reduced temperature hydrogen stream;

wherein the second recuperative heat exchanger is in the first fluid communication with the deep space hydrogen radiator via a radiator-cooled hydrogen stream; and

wherein the third recuperative heat exchanger is in the first fluid communication with the second recuperative heat exchanger via a further reduced temperature hydrogen stream;

wherein the hydrogen storage tank is in the first fluid communication with the third recuperative heat exchanger via a finally reduced temperature hydrogen stream; and

wherein the cooled hydrogen stream includes the compressed hydrogen stream, the first reduced temperature hydrogen stream, the radiator-cooled hydrogen stream, the further reduced temperature hydrogen stream, and the finally reduced temperature hydrogen stream.

7. The system of claim 6 , wherein the warmed hydrogen stream includes a hydrogen recycle stream, a first warmed hydrogen stream, a second warmed hydrogen stream, and a third warmed hydrogen stream;

wherein the hydrogen storage tank is in the second fluid communication with the third recuperative heat exchanger via the hydrogen recycle stream;

wherein the third recuperative heat exchanger is in the second fluid communication with the second recuperative heat exchanger via the first warmed hydrogen stream;

wherein the second recuperative heat exchanger is in the second fluid communication with the first recuperative heat exchanger via the second warmed hydrogen stream; and

wherein the first recuperative heat exchanger is in the second fluid communication with the electrochemical hydrogen compressor via the third warmed hydrogen stream.

8. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a dryer located along the separated oxygen stream upstream of the deep space oxygen radiator.

9. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a catalytic reactor in fluid communication with the at least one regenerative heat exchanger or the electrolyzer and the electrochemical hydrogen compressor.

10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the cryogenic heat exchanger is a shell in tube heat exchanger.

11. A method for electrolyzing water and cryogenically forming liquid oxygen therefrom, comprising:

directing a water stream to at least one of an anode side chamber or a cathode side chamber of an electrolyzer; the electrolyzer comprising the anode side chamber, the cathode side chamber, and an electrolyzer membrane and electrode assembly located between the anode side chamber and the cathode side chamber;

directing a separated oxygen stream from the anode side chamber of the electrolyzer to a deep space oxygen radiator;

directing a cooled oxygen stream from the deep space oxygen radiator to an oxygen storage tank of a cryogenic heat exchanger;

directing a separated hydrogen stream from the cathode side chamber to an electrochemical hydrogen compressor;

directing a cooled hydrogen stream from the electrochemical hydrogen compressor to a hydrogen storage tank and cooling the cooled hydrogen stream in at least one recuperative heat exchanger and at least one deep space hydrogen radiator upstream of the hydrogen storage tank;

expanding at least a portion of the cooled hydrogen stream in an expansion valve to form a refrigerant hydrogen stream and directing the refrigerant hydrogen stream to the cryogenic heat exchanger;

directing a warmed hydrogen stream from the hydrogen storage tank to the electrochemical hydrogen compressor and warming the warmed hydrogen stream via the at least one recuperative heat exchanger; and

directing a heat-exchanged hydrogen stream from the cryogenic heat exchanger to the warmed hydrogen stream upstream of the electrochemical hydrogen compressor.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the electrochemical hydrogen compressor comprises a low-pressure chamber, a high-pressure chamber, and a compressor membrane and electrode assembly located between the low-pressure chamber and the high-pressure chamber; wherein the method comprises directing the separated hydrogen stream to the low-pressure chamber and directing the cooled hydrogen stream from the high-pressure chamber.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the expansion valve is a Joule-Thomson valve.

14. The method of claim 11 , further comprising expanding the cooled oxygen stream upstream of the oxygen storage tank via an oxygen expansion valve; wherein the oxygen expansion valve is optionally a Joule-Thomson valve.

15. The method of claim 11 , further comprising expanding the cooled hydrogen stream upstream of the hydrogen storage tank via a hydrogen storage expansion valve; wherein the hydrogen expansion valve is optionally a Joule-Thomson valve.

16. The method of claim 11 , wherein the at least one recuperative heat exchanger includes a first recuperative heat exchanger, a second recuperative heat exchanger, and a third recuperative heat exchanger; and wherein the method further comprises:

cooling a compressed hydrogen stream in the first recuperative heat exchanger to form a first reduced temperature hydrogen stream;

cooling the first reduced temperature hydrogen stream in the deep space hydrogen radiator to form a radiator-cooled hydrogen stream;

cooling the radiator-cooled hydrogen stream in the second recuperative heat exchanger to form a further reduced temperature hydrogen stream; and

cooling the further reduced temperature hydrogen stream in the third recuperative heat exchanger to form a finally reduced temperature hydrogen stream;

wherein the cooled hydrogen stream includes the compressed hydrogen stream, the first reduced temperature hydrogen stream, the radiator-cooled hydrogen stream, the further reduced temperature hydrogen stream, and the finally reduced temperature hydrogen stream.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the warmed hydrogen stream includes a hydrogen recycle stream, a first warmed hydrogen stream, a second warmed hydrogen stream, and a third warmed hydrogen stream; and wherein the method further comprises:

removing the hydrogen recycle stream from the hydrogen storage tank;

warming the hydrogen recycle stream in the third recuperative heat exchanger to form the first warmed hydrogen stream;

warming the first warmed hydrogen stream in the second recuperative heat exchanger to form the second warmed hydrogen stream;

warming the second warmed hydrogen stream in the first recuperative heat exchanger to form the third warmed hydrogen stream; and

directing the third warmed hydrogen stream to the electrochemical hydrogen compressor.

18. The method of claim 11 , further comprising drying the separated oxygen stream in a dryer prior to directing the separated oxygen stream to the deep space oxygen radiator.

19. The method of claim 11 , further comprising directing at least one of the warmed hydrogen stream or a separated water vapor stream from the separated oxygen stream to a catalytic reactor to form a reduced oxygen stream; and directing the reduced oxygen stream to the electrochemical hydrogen compressor.

20. The method of claim 11 , wherein the cryogenic heat exchanger is a shell in tube heat exchanger.