Small molecule inhibitors for treatment of alpha viruses
An in vitro assay was designed to measure the activity of the alphavirus non-structural protein 2 (nsP2), which is the viral protease and is required for viral replication. By taking advantage of fluorescence-resonance energy transfer between two proteins, a protease cleavage assay was generated. This was utilized for high-throughput screening of 40,000 small molecules. Inhibitors were validated using cell-based assays to measure alphavirus infection and cytotoxicity. Certain compounds were then characterized for anti-viral efficacy in various cell lines in numerous assays. Compounds were tested against Chikungunya virus, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus, Rift Valley Fever virus, and Zika virus. Three compounds (compounds I, II, and III) showed pan-alphavirus anti-viral efficacy at concentrations that did not result in cell toxicity. An additional compound, structure IV, showed broad spectrum inhibition of all viruses tested. Pharmaceutical preparations and methods of treatment including these compounds are provided herein.
1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising:
a compound selected from the group consisting of compounds I-IV
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or combinations of any of these; and
a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient;
wherein if compound III, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a combination of any of these is selected, the composition is formulated for oral or parenteral delivery.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is formulated for oral delivery.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is formulated for parenteral delivery.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the compound is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of 1 mg to 2 g of the pharmaceutical composition.
5. The composition of claim 1 , comprising the compound of formula I
6. The composition of claim 1 , comprising the compound of formula II
7. The composition of claim 1 , comprising the compound of formula III
8. The composition of claim 1 , comprising the compound of formula IV
9. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the compound is the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound selected from compounds I-IV.
10. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the compound has a IC50 of less than 50 μM against an alphavirus.
11. A method of treatment for an alphavirus or Rift Valley Fever infection, comprising:
administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of compounds I-IV
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or combinations of any of these; and
a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the alphavirus is Chikungunya virus, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus, Sindbis virus, O'nyong-nyong virus, Ross River virus, Barmah Forest virus, Semiliki Forest virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), or Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV).
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the infection is a Chikungunya virus infection, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus infection, or Rift Valley Fever Virus infection.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the compound is present in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount of 1 mg to 2 g of the pharmaceutical composition.
15. The method of claim 11 , wherein the compound includes the compound of formula I
16. The method of claim 11 , wherein the compound includes the compound of formula II
17. The method of claim 11 , wherein the compound includes the compound of formula III
18. The method of claim 11 , wherein the compound includes the compound of formula IV
19. The method of claim 11 , wherein the compound is the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound selected from compounds I-IV.
20. A method of treatment for an Zika virus infection, comprising:
administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of compound IV
pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or combinations of any of these; and
a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.