Systems and methods to determine electrochemical impedance spectrogram rapidly in real time

1. A method for measuring an electrochemical impedance spectrogram (EIS) in real time, the method comprising:

causing, by a processing device, a triangular excitation signal to be applied to a subject;

obtaining electrical parameter measurements in response to the triangular excitation signal;

measuring, by the processing device, an EIS of the subject based on the electrical parameter measurements, wherein the EIS of the subject is based on a ratio of a voltage spectrogram and a current spectrogram;

sampling the EIS of the subject at a plurality of frequencies that comprises multiple harmonics of a fundamental frequency of the triangular excitation signal; and

causing, by the processing device, the EIS to be provided to a workstation.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

the triangular excitation signal comprises a voltage signal; and

the electrical parameter measurements comprise current measurements.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein:

the triangular excitation signal comprises a current signal; and

the electrical parameter measurements comprise voltage measurements.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the triangular excitation signal comprises a sawtooth excitation signal.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the triangular excitation signal comprises a ramp excitation signal.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the triangular excitation signal has at least one of a non-uniform amplitude or a non-uniform period.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of the voltage spectrogram and the current spectrogram comprises a ratio of Fourier transforms of voltages of the triangular excitation signal and corresponding current measurements.

8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising determining an accuracy range of the sampling of the EIS.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the accuracy range of the sampling of the EIS depends on at least one of:

a mean square error between a profile of the subject and the measured samples;

a material parameter of the subject;

an amplitude of the triangular excitation signal; and

a period of the triangular excitation signal.

10. An electrochemical impedance spectrogram (EIS) measurement system, comprising:

a working electrode configured to provide a triangular excitation signal to a subject;

a counter electrode configured to measure an electrical parameter in response to the triangular excitation signal; and

a processing device configured to obtain an EIS of the subject based on the triangular excitation signal and the measured electrical parameter, wherein the EIS of the subject is based a ratio of a voltage spectrogram and a current spectrogram, and wherein the processing device is further configured to sample the EIS of the subject at a plurality of frequencies that comprises multiple harmonics of a fundamental frequency of the triangular excitation signal.

11. The EIS measurement system of claim 10 , wherein the counter electrode further provides a current return path from the working electrode.

12. The EIS measurement system of claim 10 , further comprising a reference electrode configured to provide a reference voltage for the working electrode and the counter electrode.

13. The EIS measurement system of claim 10 , wherein the counter electrode is further configured to provide a reference voltage.

14. The EIS measurement system of claim 10 , further comprising measuring circuitry coupled to the counter electrode and configured to provide an indication of the electrical parameter to the processing device.

15. The EIS measurement system of claim 10 , wherein the ratio of the voltage spectrogram and the current spectrogram comprises a ratio of a fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the triangular excitation signal and a FFT of the measured electrical parameter.

16. The EIS measurement system of claim 15 , further comprising a memory coupled to the processing device and storing the FFT of the triangular excitation signal.

17. The EIS measurement system of claim 16 , wherein the memory further stores one or more measurement profiles, each measurement profile comprising excitation signal parameters.

18. The EIS measurement system of claim 17 , wherein each of the one or more measurement profiles corresponds to a material of the subject.

19. A non-transitory computer-readable medium which, when executed by a processing device, causes the processing device to:

cause a triangular excitation signal to be applied to a subject;

obtain electrical parameter measurements in response to the triangular excitation signal;

measure an electrochemical impedance spectrogram (EIS) of the subject based on the electrical parameter measurements, wherein the EIS of the subject is based a ratio of a voltage spectrogram and a current spectrogram;

sample the EIS of the subject at a plurality of frequencies that comprises multiple harmonics of a fundamental frequency of the triangular excitation signal; and

cause the EIS to be provided to a workstation.