Nanopore-based analysis of protein characteristics

1. A method of characterizing a protein in a nanopore system comprising a nanopore disposed in a membrane that separates a first conductive liquid medium from a second conductive liquid medium, wherein the nanopore comprises a tunnel that provides liquid communication between the first conductive liquid medium and the second conductive liquid medium, and wherein the protein is physically associated with a hydrocarbon polymer in the first conductive liquid medium, wherein the hydrocarbon polymer comprises a backbone with a carbon chain, the method comprising:

(a) applying an electrical potential between the first conductive liquid medium and the second conductive liquid medium and causing the polymer to interact with the nanopore tunnel, wherein the protein is unable to pass through the nanopore tunnel;

(b) measuring an ion current through the nanopore during the interaction of the polymer with the nanopore tunnel to provide a current pattern;

(c) determining a position and/or movement of at least one polymer subunit in the nanopore tunnel from the current pattern; and

(d) associating the position and/or movement of the at least one polymer subunit with a characteristic of the protein.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the protein is an enzyme.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the enzyme is a molecular motor.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the molecular motor is a translocase, a polymerase, a helicase, an exonuclease, a viral packaging motor, or a topoisomerase.

5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the movement of the at least one polymer subunit is associated with a length of a discrete translocation step of the polymer within the nanopore tunnel that is conferred by the molecular motor.

6. The method of claim 3 , wherein the movement of the at least one polymer subunit is associated with a temporal duration of a discrete translocation step of the polymer within the nanopore tunnel that is conferred by the molecular motor.

7. The method of claim 2 , wherein the enzyme is a Brownian motor, Brownian ratchet ribosome, myosin, or kinesin.

8. The method of claim 2 , wherein the characteristic of the enzyme is a presence or degree of modulation of enzyme activity conferred by a reaction condition or putative agonist, antagonist, or co-factor.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the protein is a mutant protein or fusion protein.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the protein comprises two or more domains capable of mutual interaction.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the protein is covalently coupled to the polymer.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the position of the at least one polymer subunit is associated with a conformational state of the protein.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanopore is a solid-state nanopore, a protein nanopore, a hybrid solid state-protein nanopore, a biologically adapted solid-state nanopore, or a DNA origami nanopore.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the protein nanopore is alpha-hemolysin, leukocidin, Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA), outer membrane porin F (OmpF), outer membrane porin G (OmpG), outer membrane phospholipase A, Neisseria autotransporter lipoprotein (NalP), WZA, Nocardia farcinica NfpA/NfpB cationic selective channel, lysenin or a homolog or variant thereof.

15. A method of characterizing a protein in a nanopore system comprising a nanopore disposed in a membrane that separates a first conductive liquid medium from a second conductive liquid medium, wherein the nanopore comprises a tunnel that provides liquid communication between the first conductive liquid medium and the second conductive liquid medium, and wherein the protein is physically associated with a hydrocarbon polymer in the first conductive liquid medium, wherein the hydrocarbon polymer comprises a backbone with a carbon chain, the method comprising:

(a) applying an electrical potential between the first conductive liquid medium and the second conductive liquid medium and causing the polymer to interact with the nanopore tunnel, wherein the protein is unable to pass through the nanopore tunnel;

(b) measuring an ion current through the nanopore during the interaction of the polymer with the nanopore tunnel to provide a first current pattern;

(c) comparing the first current pattern to a reference current pattern;

(d) determining a change in position and/or movement of at least one polymer subunit in the nanopore tunnel from the position and/or movement of at least one polymer subunit in the nanopore tunnel determined from the reference current pattern; and

(e) associating the change in position and/or movement of the at least one polymer subunit in the nanopore tunnel with a characteristic of the protein.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the nanopore system comprises a difference from the nanopore system used to generate the reference current pattern.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the difference is the presence, absence, or difference in concentration of a putative protein agonist, antagonist, or co-factor in the first conductive medium.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the characteristic is a presence or degree of modulation of protein activity or conformation conferred by the putative agonist, antagonist, or co-factor.

19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the difference is at least one amino acid difference in the amino acid sequence of the protein compared to the amino acid protein sequence in the nanopore system used to generate the reference current pattern.

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the characteristic is a presence or degree of modulation of protein activity or conformation conferred by the amino acid difference in the amino acid sequence.