Electrophotographic photosensitive member, electrophotographic image forming apparatus, and method of producing electrophotographic photosensitive member
Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member, which has high abrasion resistance and is resistant to being deeply flawed. Specifically, provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a support and a surface layer formed on the support, wherein the surface layer comprises at least inorganic particles having pores in surfaces thereof, wherein at least a resin in the surface layer penetrates the pores, and wherein when vibration having a frequency of 0.5 Hz is applied to the surface layer at 28° C., the loss tangent tan δ of the dynamic viscoelasticity of the surface layer is from 0.005 to 0.05.
1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising:
a support; and
a surface layer formed on the support,
wherein the surface layer comprises inorganic particles having pores in surfaces thereof and a resin,
the resin in the surface layer penetrates the pores, and
when vibration having a frequency of 0.5 Hz is applied to the surface layer at 28° C., a loss tangent tan δ of dynamic viscoelasticity of the surface layer is from 0.005 to 0.05.
2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the loss tangent tan δ of the dynamic viscoelasticity of the surface layer when the vibration having a frequency of 0.5 Hz is applied thereto at 28° C. is from 0.01 to 0.05.
3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the inorganic particles have an average primary particle diameter of from 1 μm to 6 μm.
4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the inorganic particles have a specific surface area of from 300 m 2 /g to 1,000 m 2 /g.
5. A method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a support and a surface layer formed on the support, the method comprising:
deaerating a coating liquid for a surface layer under a decompressed state; and
forming a coating film through use of the coating liquid for a surface layer that has been deaerated, followed by drying and/or curing of the coating film to form the surface layer,
wherein the coating liquid for a surface layer comprises inorganic particles having pores in surfaces thereof.
6. The method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 5 , wherein the decompressed state is a state in which a pressure surrounding the coating liquid is 0.05 MPa or less.
7. The method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 5 , wherein the deaeration is performed for a time period of 10 minutes or more.
8. The method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 5 , wherein the inorganic particles have an average primary particle diameter of from 1 μm to 6 μm.
9. The method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 5 , wherein the inorganic particles have a specific surface area of from 300 m 2 /g to 1,000 m 2 /g.
10. An electrophotographic image forming apparatus comprising:
an electrophotographic photosensitive member; and
at least one unit selected from the group consisting of a charging unit, an exposing unit, a developing unit, and a transferring unit,
wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises a support and a surface layer formed on the support,
the surface layer comprises inorganic particles having pores in surfaces thereof and a resin,
the resin in the surface layer penetrates the pores, and
when vibration having a frequency of 0.5 Hz is applied to the surface layer at 28° C., a loss tangent tan δ of dynamic viscoelasticity of the surface layer is from 0.005 to 0.05.