Continuous method for preparing carbonate esters
In one embodiment, a continuous process for preparing organic carbonate solvent of Formula (I) as described herein comprises contacting a first reactant (an alcohol) with a reactive carbonyl source (carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) or an alkylchloroformate) in the presence of a catalyst in reaction stream flowing through a continuous flow reactor at temperature 20° C. to about 160° C. and at a flow rate providing a residence time in the range of about 0.1 minute to about 24 hours; collecting a reactor effluent exiting from the continuous flow reactor; recovering a crude product from the reactor effluent; and distilling the crude product to obtain the organic carbonate compound of Formula (I). In another embodiment, the first reactant is an epoxide and the carbonyl source is carbon dioxide.
1. A continuous process for preparing organic carbonate solvent of Formula (I):
comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting a first reactant with a reactive carbonyl source in reaction stream containing a catalyst flowing through a continuous flow reactor at a temperature in the range of about 20° C. to about 160° C., and at a flow rate providing a residence time in the range of about 0.1 minute to about 24 hours;
(b) optionally quenching any remaining reactive carbonyl source;
(c) collecting a reactor effluent exiting from the continuous flow reactor;
(d) recovering a crude product from the reactor effluent; and
(e) purifying the crude product to obtain the organic carbonate compound of Formula (I);
wherein:
the reactive carbonyl source is carbon dioxide; and the first reactant is an epoxide of Formula (III):
the catalyst comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of a bicyclic amidine, an acid addition salt of a phosphazene, an acid addition salt of a bicyclic guanidine, a quaternary ammonium halide, and a quaternary phosphonium halide; and the catalyst is present in the reaction stream at a concentration of about 1 to 20 mol % relative to the epoxide;
Z is a covalent bond;
x is 1;
R and R 1 are the same and are C 1 to C 4 fluoroalkyl comprising at least one fluoro substituent;
R 2 is H;
R 3 and R 4 both are CH and are directly connected by the covalent bond Z.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the reaction stream further comprises an aprotic organic solvent in which the first reactant, the carbonyl source, and the catalyst are dissolved.
3. The process of claim 2 , wherein the aprotic organic solvent comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of an ether, a nitrile, an ester, an organic carbonate ester, an amide, a ketone, a sulfone, a sulfoxide, a hydrocarbon, a halogenated hydrocarbon, and a phosphoramide.
4. The process of claim 2 , wherein the aprotic organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of a nitrile, an ester, an organic carbonate ester, an amide, a ketone, a sulfone, a sulfoxide, and a halogenated hydrocarbon.
5. The process of claim 2 , wherein the aprotic organic solvent comprises acetonitrile.
6. The process of claim 2 , wherein the epoxide is dissolved in the aprotic organic solvent at a concentration of about 0.5 to about 6 molar (M).
7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is present at a concentration of about 1 to about 15 mol % relative to the epoxide.
8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the carbon dioxide is present in the reaction stream at a pressure in the range of about 1 to about 10 bar.
9. The process of claim 1 , wherein the reaction stream flowing through the continuous flow reactor is heated in step (a) at a temperature in the range of about 50° C. to about 120° C.
10. The process of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium iodide, and benzyltriethylammonium bromide.
11. The process of claim 1 , wherein the epoxide is 3,3,3,-trifluoropropylene-1,2-oxide.
12. The process of claim 1 , wherein the compound of Formula (I) is purified in step (e) by distillation.
13. The process of claim 1 , wherein the epoxide is dissolved in an aprotic organic solvent at a concentration of about 0.5 to about 6 molar (M); the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium iodide, and benzyltriethylammonium bromide; the catalyst is present in the reaction stream at a concentration of about 1 to about 15 mol % relative to the epoxide; the carbon dioxide is present in the reaction stream at a pressure in the range of about 1 to about 10 bar; and the continuous flow reactor is heated in step (a) at a temperature in the range of about 50° C. to about 120° C.
14. The process of claim 13 , wherein the aprotic organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of a nitrile, an ester, an organic carbonate ester, an amide, a ketone, a sulfone, a sulfoxide, and a halogenated hydrocarbon.
15. The process of claim 13 , wherein the aprotic organic solvent is acetonitrile.
16. The process of claim 13 , wherein the epoxide is 3,3,3,-trifluoropropylene-1,2-oxide.