Composite cylinder monitoring system

1. A monitoring system comprising:

a plurality of piezoelectric sensors connected to a composite cylinder having a laminate structure, each piezoelectric sensor of the plurality of piezoelectric sensors configured to passively detect deformation data associated with the composite cylinder without emitting signals to be detected by respective other sensors when the composite cylinder is impacted by an object and when the composite cylinder is filled with a fluid by detecting out-of-plane displacement of the laminate structure of the composite cylinder and transducing resultant stress waves into a voltage; and

a controller communicatively coupled to the plurality of piezoelectric sensors and configured to:

receive, from the plurality of piezoelectric sensors, the detected deformation data associated with the composite cylinder when the composite cylinder is impacted by an object,

determine a direct wave energy from the object based on the detected deformation data when the composite cylinder is impacted by the object, the direct wave energy being used to mitigate reflections and wrapping waves and determined based on a direct arrival time of a slowest moving wave component from a calculated impact location and the voltage detected at each of the plurality of piezoelectric sensors, and

communicate a notification when a damage value exceeds an impact damage threshold,

wherein the plurality of piezoelectric sensors are communicatively coupled to a filling controller configured to:

control a valve for filling the composite cylinder with the fluid,

receive, from the plurality of piezoelectric sensors, deformation data associated with the composite cylinder while the composite cylinder is being filled with the fluid,

detect damage to the composite cylinder as the composite cylinder is filled with the fluid using a modal acoustic emission inspection, the modal acoustic emission inspection being based on at least one of: a fiber tow fracture indicator corresponding to detected fiber tow fracture events being quantified and compared to a fiber tow fracture threshold, an instability indicator corresponding to instability within a local volume of material above an instability threshold, a delamination event indicator corresponding to delamination of one or more layers of the composite cylinder above a delamination threshold, a damage mechanism indicator corresponding to damage mechanisms accumulated in the local volume of material above a damage mechanism threshold, or a fretting emission indicator corresponding to fretting emission above a fretting emission threshold based on a laminate composition of the composite cylinder, and

automatically perform a safety action when the damage to the composite cylinder is detected.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the controller determines the direct wave energy by:

digitizing the deformation data from the plurality of piezoelectric sensors,

determining respective direct arrival times of a wave component of interest to each piezoelectric sensor of the plurality of piezoelectric sensors from an impact location,

determining the calculated impact location, and

determining the direct wave energy based on the respective direct arrival times of the wave component of interest to each piezoelectric sensor and a detected voltage at each piezoelectric sensor.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to communicate the notification to at least one of an electronic control unit (ECU) of a vehicle for activating a light indicating inspection of the composite cylinder or a non-transitory memory for updating a stored state of the composite cylinder.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the safety action includes at least one of shutting the valve to prevent filling of the composite cylinder, providing a notification on a speaker or a display screen, or adjusting the valve to direct the fluid to a surge tank.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein a periodic inspection of the composite cylinder is satisfied using the deformation data.

6. A method, comprising:

detecting, by a plurality of piezoelectric sensors connected to a composite cylinder having a laminate structure, each piezoelectric sensor of the plurality of piezoelectric sensors configured to passively detect deformation data associated with the composite cylinder without emitting signals to be detected by respective other sensors, when the composite cylinder is impacted by an object and when the composite cylinder is filled with a fluid, by detecting out-of-plane displacement of the laminate of the composite cylinder and transducing stress waves into a voltage;

receiving, by a controller communicatively coupled to the plurality of piezoelectric sensors, the detected deformation data associated with the composite cylinder when the composite cylinder is impacted;

determining, by the controller, a direct wave energy from the object based on the detected deformation data when the composite cylinder is impacted, the direct wave energy being used to mitigate reflections and wrapping waves and determined based on a direct arrival time of a slowest moving wave component from a calculated impact location and the voltage detected at each of the plurality of piezoelectric sensors;

communicating, by the controller, a notification when a damage value exceeds an impact damage threshold;

controlling, by a filling controller communicatively coupled to the plurality of piezoelectric sensors, a valve for filling the composite cylinder with the fluid;

receiving, by the filling controller from the plurality of piezoelectric sensors, deformation data associated with the composite cylinder while the composite cylinder is being filled with the fluid;

detecting, by the filling controller, damage to the composite cylinder as the composite cylinder is filled with the fluid, using a modal acoustic emission inspection, the modal acoustic emission inspection being based on at least one of: a fiber tow fracture indicator corresponding to detected fiber tow fracture events being quantified and compared to a fiber tow fracture threshold, an instability indicator corresponding to instability within a local volume of material above an instability threshold, a delamination event indicator corresponding to delamination of one or more layers of the composite cylinder above a delamination threshold, a damage mechanism indicator corresponding to damage mechanisms accumulated in the local volume of material above a damage mechanism threshold, or a fretting emission indicator corresponding to fretting emission above a fretting emission threshold based on a laminate composition of the composite cylinder; and

automatically performing a safety action when the damage to the composite cylinder is detected.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the determining the direct wave energy comprises:

digitizing the deformation data from the plurality of piezoelectric sensors,

determining respective direct arrival times of a wave component of interest to each piezoelectric sensor of the plurality of piezoelectric sensors from an impact location,

determining the calculated impact location, and

determining the direct wave energy based on the respective direct arrival times of the wave component of interest to each sensor and a detected voltage at each piezoelectric sensor.

8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the communicating, by the controller, the notification when the damage value exceeds the impact damage threshold comprises communicating the notification to at least one of an ECU of a vehicle for activating a light indicating inspection of the composite cylinder or a non-transitory memory for updating a stored state of the composite cylinder.

9. The method of claim 6 , wherein the safety action includes at least one of shutting the valve to prevent further filling of the composite cylinder, providing a notification on a speaker or a display screen, or adjusting the valve to direct the fluid to a surge tank.

10. The method of claim 6 , further comprising satisfying a periodic inspection of the composite cylinder using the deformation data.