Multi-valent ion concentration using multi-stage nanofiltration
A system and method for producing from saline source water a product containing an increased ratio of multi-valent ions to mono-valent ions, which includes multiple nanofiltration units arranged to selectively remove mono-valent ions from the water fed into each nanofiltration stage in the nanofiltration permeate stream while retaining multi-valent ions in the nanofiltration reject stream. The rate at which the increase in the multi-valent ion- to mono-valent ion ratio is obtained may be enhanced by introduction of lower salinity water into the nanofiltration reject between stages, and by recirculating a portion of downstream nanofiltration reject flow into an upstream nanofiltration unit. The enhanced multi-valent ion product is suitable for multiple uses, including irrigation of plants and remineralization of desalinated water. The relative concentrations of the multi-valent ions in the product may be adjusted, for example by selection of nanofiltration membrane technologies which have higher or lower rejection for specific multi-valent ions.
1. A method for increasing a ratio of multi-valent ions to mono-valent ions in a multistage nanofiltration system having a plurality of nanofiltration units, the method comprising:
filtering a saline source water comprising saline through the plurality of nanofiltration units in series, wherein a first one of the plurality of nanofiltration units receives the saline source water and each of the plurality of nanofiltration units in the series filters a feed water and forms a nanofiltration permeate stream and a nanofiltration reject stream, the nanofiltration reject stream comprising a greater concentration of multi-valent ions than in the feed water; and
diluting the nanofiltration reject stream from more than one of the plurality of nanofiltration units with a lower total dissolved salts water comprising a total dissolved salts lower than a total dissolved salts of the saline source water, to form a diluted nanofiltration reject stream comprising a ratio of the lower total dissolved salts water to the nanofiltration reject stream of 2:1 to 5:1, and
filtering the diluted nanofiltration reject stream through one or more of the plurality of nanofiltration units to form a filtered diluted nanofiltration reject stream.
2. The multi-valent ion concentration method of claim 1 , wherein the filtered diluted nanofiltration reject stream from a last one of the plurality of nanofiltration units in the series comprises a ratio of multi-valent ions to mono-valent ions that is increased by at least 200% as compared to a ratio of multi-valent ions to mono-valent ions in the saline source water.
3. The multi-valent ion concentration method of claim 1 , wherein a concentration of Na and Cl in a nanofiltration reject stream has been reduced to at least ⅙ th as compared to Na and Cl concentration in the saline source water.
4. The multi-valent ion concentration method of claim 1 , wherein diluting the nanofiltration reject stream does not produce a diluted nanofiltration reject stream comprising a multi-valent ion scaling concentration of CaSO 4 that is greater than 250% of a CaSO 4 saturation concentration.
5. The multi-valent ion concentration method of claim 1 , further comprising recirculating at least a portion of the nanofiltration reject stream from one nanofiltration unit of the plurality of nanofiltration units into the feed water of an upstream nanofiltration unit of the plurality of nanofiltration units.
6. The multi-valent ion concentration method of claim 5 , wherein the portion of the nanofiltration reject stream recirculated is recirculated into the saline source water received by the first one of the plurality of nanofiltration units.
7. The multi-valent ion concentration method of claim 6 , wherein the portion of the nanofiltration reject stream recirculated is from a last one of the plurality of nanofiltration units in the series.
8. The multi-valent ion concentration method of claim 1 , further comprising supplying at least a portion of the nanofiltration permeate stream from one of the plurality of nanofiltration units as at least a portion of the feed water of a downstream nanofiltration unit of the plurality of nanofiltration units.
9. The multi-valent ion concentration method of claim 8 , wherein the downstream nanofiltration unit of the plurality of nanofiltration units is a final nanofiltration unit of the plurality of nanofiltration units in the series.
10. The multi-valent ion concentration method of claim 8 , wherein the at least a portion of the nanofiltration permeate stream from the one of the plurality of nanofiltration units is from the first one of the nanofiltration unit.
11. The multi-valent ion concentration method of claim 1 , further comprising recirculating at least a portion of the nanofiltration reject stream from a penultimate nanofiltration unit of the plurality of nanofiltration units in the series into the feed water of at least one upstream nanofiltration unit of the plurality of nanofiltration units in the series.
12. The multi-valent ion concentration method of claim 1 , wherein the diluting the nanofiltration reject stream comprises diluting each nanofiltration reject stream from a nanofiltration unit that receives a nanofiltration reject stream that comprises a CaSO 4 saturation index at or greater than 250%, except the filtered diluted nanofiltration reject stream from a last one of the plurality of nanofiltration units in the series is optionally not diluted and the saline source water is optionally not diluted.