Liquid-phase deposition of thin films onto the surface of battery electrodes
Methods, systems, and compositions for the liquid-phase deposition (LPD) of thin films. The thin films can be coated onto the surface of porous components of electrochemical devices, such as battery electrodes. Embodiments of the present disclosure achieve a faster, safer, and more cost-effective means for forming uniform, conformal layers on non-planar microstructures than known methods. In one aspect, the methods and systems involve exposing the component to be coated to different liquid reagents in sequential processing steps, with optional intervening rinsing and drying steps. Processing may occur in a single reaction chamber or multiple reaction chambers.
1. A method, comprising:
exposing a battery electrode comprising electrode constituent particles to one or more liquid solutions to produce an artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer coated onto the electrode constituent particles, wherein the artificial SEI layer is substantially devoid of particle-to-particle internal resistance with respect to the electrode constituent particles.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the artificial SEI layer is formed from a reaction between at least two different reagents included in the one or more liquid solutions.
3. The method of claim 1 , comprising: exposing the electrode constituent particles of the battery electrode to additional amounts of the one or more liquid solutions one or more additional times to generate one or more additional artificial SEI layers coated onto the artificial SEI layer to produce multiple stacked layers of artificial SEI layers.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the battery electrode is a lithium-ion battery electrode.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the battery electrode is an anode or a cathode.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrode constituent particles within the battery electrode are deposited on a substrate.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the electrode constituent particles are composed of graphite, Si, fin, a Si-graphite composite, a Sn-graphite composite, lithium metal, LiNi x Mn y Co z O 2 , LiNi x Co y Al z O 2 , LiMn x Ni y O z , LiMnO 2 , LiFePO 4 , LiMnPO 4 , LiNiPO 4 , LiCoPO 4 , LiV 2 O 5 , sulfur or LiCoO 2 , where x, y and z are stoichiometric coefficients.
8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the substrate is a foil, sheet, or film.
9. The method of claim 6 , wherein the substrate is comprised of an organic material selected from the group consisting of polyimide, polyethylene, polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyester, and polyethylene napthalate (PEN).
10. The method of claim 6 , wherein the substrate includes a metal.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the metal includes copper, aluminum, or stainless steel.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrode constituent particles of the battery electrode are exposed to the one or more liquid solutions by spraying, slot die coating, bath coating, or gravure roller coating.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the battery electrode comprising the electrode constituent particles is exposed to the one or more liquid solutions by an automated conveyance apparatus.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the automated conveyance apparatus comprises a series of rollers.
15. The method of claim 1 , further comprising rinsing the artificial SEI layer with one or more rinsing solutions comprising at least one solvent to produce one or more residual solutions.
16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising filtering the one or more residual solutions, each residual solution comprising the at least one solvent and unreacted reagent, thereby separating the unreacted reagent from the solvent to produce recovered unreacted reagent.
17. The method of claim 16 , further comprising recycling the recovered unreacted reagent such that additional amounts of the one or more liquid solutions include the recovered unreacted reagent.
18. The method of claim 2 , wherein at least one of the at least two different reagents includes a metalorganic precursor.
19. The method of claim 2 , wherein at least one of the at least two different reagents is cationic, anionic, or non-ionic.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more liquid solutions further comprise an organic solvent, water, or a mixture of both.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the artificial SEI layer comprises a compound selected from one of the following groups:
(a) binary oxides of type A x O y , where A is an alkali metal, alkali-earth metal, transition metal, semimetal or metalloid and x and y are stoichiometric coefficients;
(b) ternary oxides of type A x B y O z , where A and B are any combination of alkali metal, alkali-earth metal, transition metal, semimetal or metalloid and x, y and z are stoichiometric coefficients;
(c) quaternary oxides of type A w B x C y O z , where A, B and C are any combination of alkali metal, alkali-earth metal, transition metal, semimetal or metalloid and w, x, y and z are stoichiometric coefficients;
(d) binary halides of type A x B y , where A is an alkali metal, alkali-earth metal, transition metal, semimetal or metalloid, B is a halogen and x and y are stoichiometric coefficients;
(e) ternary halides of type A x B y C z , where A and B are any combination of alkali metal, alkali-earth metal, transition metal, semimetal or metalloid, C is a halogen and x, y and z are stoichiometric coefficients;
(f) quaternary halides of type A w B x C y D z , where A, B and C are any combination of alkali metal, alkali-earth metal, transition metal, semimetal or metalloid, D is a halogen and w, x, y and z are stoichiometric coefficients;
(g) binary nitrides of type A x N y , where A is an alkali metal, alkali-earth metal, transition metal; semimetal or metalloid and x and y are stoichiometric coefficients;
(h) ternary nitrides of type A x B y N z , where A and B are any combination of alkali metal, alkali-earth metal, transition metal, semimetal or metalloid and x, y and z are stoichiometric coefficients;
(i) quaternary nitrides of type A w B x C y N z , where A, B and C are any combination of alkali metal, alkali-earth metal, transition metal, semimetal or metalloid and w, x, y and z are stoichiometric coefficients;
(j) binary chalcogenides of type A x B y , where A is an alkali metal, alkali-earth metal, transition metal, semimetal or metalloid, B is a chalcogen and x and y are stoichiometric coefficients;
(k) ternary chalcogenides of type A x B y C z , where A and B are any combination of alkali metal, alkali-earth metal, transition metal, semimetal or metalloid, C is a chalcogen and x, y and z are stoichiometric coefficients;
(l) quaternary chalcogenides of type A w B x C y D z , where A, B and C are any combination of alkali metal, alkali-earth metal, transition metal, semimetal or metalloid, D is a chalcogen and w, x, y and z are stoichiometric coefficients;
(m) binary carbides of type A x C y , where A is an alkali metal, alkali-earth metal; transition metal, semimetal or metalloid and x and y are stoichiometric coefficients;
(n) binary oxyhalides of type A x B y O z , where A is an alkali metal, alkali-earth metal, transition metal, semimetal or metalloid, B is a halogen and x, y and z are stoichiometric coefficients;
(o) binary arsenides of type A x As y , where A is an alkali metal, alkali-earth metal, transition metal, semimetal or metalloid and x and y are stoichiometric coefficients;
(p) ternary arsenides of type A x B y As z , where A and B are any combination of alkali metal, alkali-earth metal, transition metal, semimetal or metalloid and x, y and z are stoichiometric coefficients;
(q) quaternary arsenides of type A w B x C y As z , where A, B and C are any combination of alkali metal, alkali-earth metal, transition metal, semimetal or metalloid and w, x, y and z are stoichiometric coefficients;
(r) binary phosphates of type A x (PO 4 ) y , where A is an alkali metal, alkali-earth metal, transition metal, semimetal or metalloid and x and y are stoichiometric coefficients;
(s) ternary phosphates of type A x B y (PO 4 ) z where A and B are any combination of alkali metal, alkali-earth metal, transition metal, semimetal or metalloid and x, y and z are stoichiometric coefficients; and
(t) quaternary phosphates of type A w B x C y (PO 4 ) z , where A, B and C are any combination of alkali metal, alkali-earth metal, transition metal, semimetal or metalloid and w, x, y and z are stoichiometric coefficients.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the artificial SET layer comprises a compound comprising any combination of the following polymers:
polyethylene oxide (PEO), poly vinyl alcohol (PVA), poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA), poly dimethyl siloxane (PDMS), and poly vinyl pyrollidone (PVP).