Flow cells

1. A flow cell, comprising:

a substrate; and

a cured, patterned resin on the substrate, the cured, patterned resin including nano-depressions separated by interstitial regions, the nano-depressions each having a largest opening dimension ranging from about 10 nm to about 1000 nm, and the cured, patterned resin including an interpenetrating polymer network including an epoxy-based polymer and a (meth)acryloyl-based polymer, wherein a weight ratio of the epoxy-based polymer to the (meth)acryloyl-based polymer ranges from about 25:75 to about 75:25.

2. The flow cell as defined in claim 1 , further comprising:

a grating layer positioned on the substrate; and

a planar waveguide layer positioned on the grating layer.

3. The flow cell as defined in claim 2 , wherein:

a refractive index of the interpenetrating polymer network ranges from about 1.35 to about 1.52; and

a refractive index of the planar waveguide layer ranges from about 1.6 to about 2.5.

4. The flow cell as defined in claim 1 , further comprising:

a hydrogel positioned in each of the nano-depressions; and

amplification primers attached to the hydrogel.

5. The flow cell as defined in claim 1 , wherein a thickness of the cured, patterned resin ranges from about 225 nm to about 600 nm.

6. The flow cell as defined in claim 1 , wherein:

the epoxy-based polymer is formed from a multi-functional epoxy monomer and the multi-functional epoxy monomer is Poly(propylene glycol) diglycidyl ether:

the (meth)acryloyl-based polymer is formed from a multi-functional (meth)acryloyl monomer and the multi-functional (meth)acryloyl monomer is 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1,6-hexanediol diacrylate:

and

the predetermined weight ratio is about 50:50.

7. The flow cell as defined in claim 1 , wherein:

the epoxy-based polymer is formed from a multi-functional epoxy monomer and the multi-functional epoxy monomer is Poly(propylene glycol) diglycidyl ether:

the (meth)acryloyl-based polymer is formed from a multi-functional (meth)acryloyl monomer and the multi-functional (meth)acryloyl monomer is Glycerol 1,3-diglycerolate diacrylate:

and

the predetermined weight ratio ranges from about 25:75 to about 75:25.

8. A method, comprising:

applying a resin mixture on a substrate of a flow cell, the resin mixture including a multi-functional epoxy monomer and a multi-functional (meth)acryloyl monomer at a weight ratio ranging from about 25:75 to about 75:25;

imprinting the resin mixture with a working stamp having a plurality of nano-features; and

curing the resin mixture while the working stamp is in place, thereby forming an interpenetrating polymer network including an epoxy-based polymer and a (meth)acryloyl-based polymer at a weight ratio ranging from about 25:75 to about 75:25 that is imprinted with flow cell nano-depressions separated by interstitial regions, the nano-depressions each having a largest opening dimension ranging from about 10 nm to about 1000 nm.

9. The method as defined in claim 8 , wherein the multi-functional epoxy monomer is selected from the group consisting of:

i) 2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-2,4,6,8-tetrakis(propyl glycidyl ether)cyclotetrasiloxane:

ii) Tetrakis(epoxycyclohexyl ethyl)tetramethyl cyclotetrasiloxane:

iii) Poly(dimethylsiloxane), diglycidyl ether terminated:

wherein 4<n<8;

iv) Poly(propylene glycol) diglycidyl ether:

wherein 5<n<10;

v) 3,4-Epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3,4-epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate:

vi) Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, brominated:

vii) Poly(Bisphenol A-co-epichlorohydrin), glycidyl end-capped:

wherein 0<n<2;

viii) Bisphenol A propoxylate diglycidyl ether:

ix) Monophenyl functional tris(epoxy terminated polydimethylsiloxane):

x) Trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether:

xi) 2,2′-(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-Octafluorohexane-1,6-diyl)bis(oxirane):

xii) 1,3-Bis(3-glycidoxypropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane:

xiii) 1,3 Bis[2(3,4 epoxycyclohex-1-yl)ethyl]tetra-methyldisiloxane:

xiv) Glycidyl polyoctahedral silsesquioxane:

and

xv) Epoxycyclohexyl polyoctahedral silsesquioxane:

xvi) Tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane triglycidyl ether:

xvii) 4,4′-Methylenebis(N,N-diglycidylaniline):

and

xviii) any combination of i) through xvii).

10. The method as defined in claim 8 , wherein the multi-functional (meth)acryloyl monomer is selected from the group consisting of:

i) 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1,6-hexanediol diacrylate:

ii) Pentaerythritol tetraacrylate:

iii) Pentaerythritol triacrylate:

iv) Glycerol 1,3-diglycerolate diacrylate:

v) Poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate:

wherein 8<n<10;

vi) Glycerol dimethacrylate, mixture of isomers:

vii) 3-(Acryloyloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate:

viii) Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate:

ix) Bis(2-methacryloyl)oxyethyl disulfide:

x) Tricyclodecane dimethanol diacrylate:

xi) Bisphenol A glycerolate (1 glycerol/phenol) diacrylate:

xii) Bisphenol A dimethacrylate:

xiii) Methacryloxypropyl terminated polydimethylsiloxane:

wherein n is selected to render the monomer with a molecular weight of about 420 g/mol, 950 g/mol, 4,000 g/mol, 10,000 g/mol, or 25,000 g/mol;

xiv) Zirconium bromonorbornanelactone carboxylate triacrylate:

wherein m ranges from 0 to 4, n ranges from 0 to 4, and m+n=4;

xv) Zirconium acrylate:

xvi) Hafnium carboxyethyl acrylate:

xvii) Acrylo polyoctahedral silsesquioxane:

xviii) Methacryl polyoctahedral silsesquioxane:

xix) 2,4,6,8-Tetramethyl-2,4,6,8-tetrakis(3-acryloyloxypropyl) cyclotetrasiloxane:

and

xx) any combination of i) through xix).

11. The method as defined in claim 8 , wherein:

the multi-functional epoxy monomer is Poly(propylene glycol) diglycidyl ether:

the multi-functional (meth)acryloyl monomer is 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1,6-hexanediol diacrylate:

and

the predetermined weight ratio is about 50:50.

12. The method as defined in claim 8 , wherein:

the multi-functional epoxy monomer is Poly(propylene glycol) diglycidyl ether:

the multi-functional (meth)acryloyl monomer is Glycerol 1,3-diglycerolate diacrylate:

and

the predetermined weight ratio ranges from about 25:75 to about 75:25.