Adaptive control of resonant power converters
A power converter including a transformer, a resonant circuit including the transformer and a resonant capacitor having a characteristic resonant frequency and period, and output circuitry connected to the transformer for delivering a rectified output voltage to a load. Primary switches drive the resonant circuit, a switch controller operates the primary switches in a series of converter operating cycles which include power transfer intervals of adjustable duration during which a resonant current at the characteristic resonant frequency flows through a winding of the transformer. The operating cycles may also include energy recycling intervals of variable duration for charging and discharging capacitances within the converter. A gate driver includes a transformer, a plurality of switches, a current monitor, and a controller that operates the switches in a series of driver operating cycles having adjustable ON periods and adjustable transition periods during which capacitances are resonantly charged and discharged.
1. A method comprising:
providing a first switching power converter configured and arranged to convert DC power received from a converter input for delivery to a converter output at an essentially fixed voltage transformation ratio, K=Vout/Vin, K≠1, the first switching power converter having an output resistance;
providing circuitry having a first input connected to the converter input for sensing an input voltage, a second input connected to the converter output for sensing an output voltage, and circuitry adapted to provide a signal proportional to a difference between the output voltage and a scaled replica of the input voltage, wherein the scaled replica of the input voltage is different from the input voltage; and
using the signal to sense a current delivered by the first switching power converters;
wherein providing circuitry comprises providing the circuitry adapted to provide the signal proportional to the difference between the output voltage and the scaled replica of the input voltage, wherein the scaled replica of the input voltage scales the input voltage in proportion with the transformation ratio K=Vout/Vin.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the first switching power converter further comprises:
a transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding;
primary switching elements electrically coupled to the primary winding; and
secondary switching elements electrically coupled to the secondary winding;
wherein the method further comprises adjusting a duration during which the primary or secondary switching elements, or both, are ON based on the signal.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the first switching power converter comprises a voltage transformation module that comprises the transformer, the primary switching elements, and the secondary switching elements;
wherein the voltage transformation module uses balanced switching duty cycles in which each primary switching element of a complementary pair is on for essentially the same amount of time as its complement and each secondary switching element of a complementary pair is ON for essentially the same amount of time as its complement.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the first switching power converter further comprises: an inductive component and one or more power switches in an input circuit or an output circuit or both; and
wherein a current flowing in the inductive component charges and discharges capacitances in the first switching power converter reducing a voltage across said one or more switches prior to turn ON said one or more switches.
5. The method of claim 1 , comprising:
providing a plurality of switching power converters having respective inputs or outputs or both connected in parallel, wherein the plurality of switching power converters include the first switching power converter;
providing the circuitry to sense the respective current delivered by each of the switching power converters; and
adjusting in one or more of the plurality of switching power converters a duration during which respective primary or secondary switching elements, or both, are ON based on the respective signal.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the outputs of the plurality of switching power converters are connected in parallel to support a common load.
7. The method of claim 5 , further comprising providing a load current from each of multiple voltage transformation modules to a different respective load.
8. The method of claim 1 , comprising providing a load current to a microprocessor.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein K<1.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the first switching power converter comprises a plurality of power switches and an inductance and is configured to use a current flowing in the inductance to charge and discharge capacitances in the first switching power converter and reduce a voltage across one or more of the plurality of power switches prior to turn ON or turn OFF of the one or more of the plurality of power switches.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the first switching power converter comprises a plurality of power switches and an inductance and is configured to use a current flowing in the inductance to charge and discharge capacitances in the first switching power converter and reduce a current through one or more of the power switches prior to turn ON or turn OFF of the one or more of the power switches.
12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising using the first switching power converter to convert power from the converter input to the converter output via a transformer.
13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising sensing a temperature of the first switching power converter and adjusting the signal to compensate for variations in the output resistance as a function of the temperature.
14. An apparatus comprising:
a switching power converter configured and arranged to convert DC power received from a converter input at an input voltage, Vin, for delivery to a converter output at an output voltage, Vout, at an essentially fixed voltage transformation ratio, K 32 Vout/Vin, K≠1, the switching power converter having an output resistance; and
a current sensing circuit having a first input connected to the converter input for sensing the input voltage, a second input connected to the converter output for sensing the output voltage and being constructed and arranged to provide a signal proportional to (a) a difference between the output voltage and a scaled replica of the input voltage, or (b) a difference between the input voltage and a scaled replica of the output voltage, or (c) a difference between a scaled replica of the input voltage and a scaled replica of the output voltage, wherein the scaled replica of the input voltage is different from the input voltage, the scaled replica of the output voltage is different from the output voltage;
wherein the signal is representative of a current delivered by the switching power converter; and
wherein the current sensing circuit further comprises a voltage divider network that provides the scaling in proportion with the transformation ratio K=Vout/Vin.
15. The system of claim 14 , further comprising circuitry configured to sense a temperature of the switching power converter and adjust the signal to compensate for variations in the output resistance of the switching power converter as a function of the temperature.
16. The system of claim 14 , further comprising a switch controller configured to actively adapt durations of power transfer intervals based on the current delivered by the switching power converter.
17. The system of claim 16 wherein the switching power converter comprises a transformer, a resonant circuit including the transformer having a characteristic resonant frequency and a characteristic resonant period, and primary switches connected to drive the resonant circuit; and
the switch controller is configured to operate the primary switches in a series of converter operating cycles and actively adapt durations of the power transfer intervals based on the current delivered by the switching power converter to provide the essentially fixed voltage transformation ratio, K=V OUT /V IN at the current delivered by the switching power converter.
18. A system comprising:
a first switching power converter configured and arranged to convert DC power received from a converter input at an input voltage, Vin, for delivery to a converter output at an output voltage, Vout, using an essentially fixed voltage transformation ratio, K=Vout/Vin, K≠1, in a series of converter operating cycles during which power switches in the first switching power converter are turned ON and OFF, the first switching power converter having an effective series resistance; and
current sensing circuitry having a first input connected to the converter input, a second input connected to the converter output, scaling circuitry connected to the first input, the second input, or both, the scaling circuitry providing a scaled replica of the voltage at its respective input, the scaled replica of the voltage at its respective input being different from the voltage at its respective input, the current sensing circuitry being configured and arranged to provide a signal proportional to a difference in voltage between the first input and the second input;
wherein the signal is representative of a current delivered by the first switching power converter; and
wherein the scaling circuitry comprises a voltage divider network that provides the scaling in proportion with the transformation ratio K=Vout/Vin.
19. The system of claim 18 wherein the first switching power converter further comprises:
a transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding;
primary switching elements electrically coupled to the primary winding;
secondary switching elements electrically coupled to the secondary winding; and
a switching controller configured to adjust a duration during which the primary or secondary switching elements, or both, are ON based on the signal.
20. The system of claim 18 wherein the first switching power converter further comprises: an inductive component; and
wherein the first switching power converter is configured such that a current flowing in the inductive component charges and discharges capacitances in the first switching power converter reducing a voltage across said one or more power switches prior to turn ON said one or more power switches.
21. The system of claim 18 , comprising:
a plurality of switching power converters having respective converter inputs or converter outputs or both connected in parallel, wherein the plurality of switching power converters include the first switching power converter;
wherein the current sensing circuitry is configured and arranged to sense the respective current delivered by each of the switching power converters; and
further comprising a switching controller configured to adjust in one or more of the plurality of switching power converters a duration during which respective primary or secondary switching elements, or both, are ON based on the respective signal.
22. The system of claim 21 wherein the outputs of the plurality of switching power converters are connected in parallel to support a common load.
23. A method comprising:
using one or more power switches of a first power converter operated in a series of converter operating cycles to convert DC power received from a converter input of the first power converter at an input voltage, Vin, for delivery to a converter output of the first power converter at an output voltage, Vout, and output current, Tout, at an essentially fixed voltage transformation ratio, K=Vout/Vin, at a load current, the first power converter having an output resistance;
detecting a first voltage at a first input coupled to the converter input;
detecting a second voltage at a second input coupled to the converter output;
performing a scaling function to adjust at least one of the input voltage or the output voltage by a predetermined ratio, R, to produce a scaled value;
determining a difference value between the input voltage and the scaled value or the output voltage and the scaled value, by comparing the input voltage and the scaled value or comparing the output voltage and the scaled value; and
using the difference value to determine the output current, Tout, of the first power converter;
wherein performing the scaling function comprises providing a signal proportional to (a) a difference between the output voltage and a scaled replica of the input voltage, or (b) a difference between the input voltage and a scaled replica of the output voltage, and
wherein at least one of (i) the scaled replica of the input voltage comprises the input voltage scaled in proportion with the transformation ratio K=Vout/Vin, or (ii) the scaled replica of the output voltage comprises the output voltage scaled in proportion with the transformation ratio K=Vout/Vin.
24. The method of claim 23 wherein the first power converter further comprises:
a transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding,
primary switching elements electrically coupled to the primary winding, and
secondary switching elements electrically coupled to the secondary winding,
wherein the method further comprises adjusting a duration during which the primary or secondary switching elements, or both, are ON based on the signal.
25. The method of claim 24 wherein the first power converter comprises a voltage transformation module that comprises the transformer, the primary switching elements, and the secondary switching elements;
wherein the voltage transformation module uses balanced switching duty cycles in which each primary switching element of a complementary pair is on for essentially the same amount of time as its complement and each secondary switching element of a complementary pair is ON for essentially the same amount of time as its complement.
26. The method of claim 23 wherein performing the scaling function comprises using a scaling circuitry to provide a scaling in proportion with the transformation ratio K=Vout/Vin.
27. The method of claim 26 wherein the scaling circuitry comprises a voltage divider network that provides the scaling in proportion with the transformation ratio K=Vout/Vin.
28. The method of claim 23 wherein the first power converter further comprises an inductive component;
wherein the one or more power switches are disposed in an input circuit or an output circuit or both; and
wherein a current flowing in the inductive component charges and discharges capacitances in the first power converter reducing a voltage across the one or more switches prior to turn ON the one or more switches.
29. The method of claim 23 , comprising:
providing a plurality of power converters having respective inputs or outputs or both connected in parallel, wherein the plurality of power converters include the first power converter;
sensing the respective current delivered by each of the power converters; and
adjusting in one or more of the plurality of power converters a duration during which respective primary or secondary switching elements, or both, are ON based on the respective signal.
30. The method of claim 29 wherein the outputs of the plurality of power converters are connected in parallel to support a common load.
31. The method of claim 29 , further comprising providing a load current from each of multiple voltage transformation modules to a different respective load.
32. The method of claim 23 , comprising providing a load current to a microprocessor.
33. The method of claim 23 wherein K<1.
34. The method of claim 23 wherein the first power converter comprises an inductance and is configured to use a current flowing in the inductance to charge and discharge capacitances in the first power converter and reduce a voltage across one or more of the one or more power switches prior to turn ON or turn OFF of the one or more of the one or more power switches.
35. The method of claim 23 wherein the first power converter comprises an inductance and is configured to use a current flowing in the inductance to charge and discharge capacitances in the first power converter and reduce a current through one or more of the one or more power switches prior to turn ON or turn OFF of the one or more of the one or more power switches.
36. The method of claim 23 , further comprising using the first power converter to convert power from the converter input to the converter output via a transformer.
37. The method of claim 23 , further comprising sensing a temperature of the first power converter and adjusting the signal to compensate for variations in the output resistance as a function of the temperature.
38. The method of claim 23 , further comprising actively adapting durations of power transfer intervals based on the output current delivered by the first power converter.
39. The method of claim 38 wherein the first power converter comprises a transformer, a resonant circuit including the transformer having a characteristic resonant frequency and a characteristic resonant period, and primary switches connected to drive the resonant circuit; and
wherein the method comprises operating the primary switches in a series of converter operating cycles and actively adapt durations of the power transfer intervals based on the current delivered by the first power converter to provide the essentially fixed voltage transformation ratio, K=V OUT /V IN at the current delivered by the first power converter.