Neural cell extracellular vesicles

1. A method of reducing inflammation in the brain of a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising isolated extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from non-transformed human neural progenitor cells that are capable of differentiating into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in vitro, wherein the EVs are produced from neural progenitor cells derived in vitro from pluripotent stem cells, or from neural cells derived in vitro from the neural progenitor cells or the pluripotent stem cells,

and wherein the EVs comprise one or more of melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (MCSP), pentraxin-3 (PTX3), angiopoietin-1, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP2), macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and ecto-5′-nucleotidase (NT5E).

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein administering the pharmaceutical composition increases the number of regulatory T cells in the circulation of the subject.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein administering the pharmaceutical composition reduces the number of T helper cells in the circulation of the subject.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein administering the pharmaceutical composition increases the number of M2 macrophages in the circulation of the subject.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein administering the pharmaceutical composition suppresses an inflammatory response of M1 macrophages in the subject.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein administering the pharmaceutical composition enhances an anti-inflammatory response of M2 macrophages in the subject.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein administering the pharmaceutical composition reduces a level of IL-17 in the subject.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein administering the pharmaceutical composition increases a level of IL-10 in the subject.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the neural progenitor cells are derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the neural progenitor cells are derived from human embryonic stem cells.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the neural progenitor cells express one or more markers selected from the group consisting of nestin, SOX1, and SOX2, and do not express OCT4.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 1 mg to about 750 mg of EVs.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the EVs comprise exosomes.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the EVs are about 20 nm to 10 μm in size.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the EVs are about 25 nm to about 250 nm in size.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered intranasally.

18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered via a route of delivery selected from intrathecal, intraperitoneal (IP), oral, or direct delivery into the brain.

19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the EVs further comprise an siRNA or an antisense oligonucleotide.

20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the EVs further comprise an exogenous peptide or an exogenous protein.

21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the EVs further comprise a small molecule.

22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the EVs further comprise an antibody.

23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject has a traumatic brain injury.

24. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject has a neurodegenerative disease.

25. The method of claim 24 , wherein the neurodegenerative disease is one or more of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, a Parkinson's-related disorder, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, prion disease, motor neuron disease (MND), spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), or spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).

26. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject has swelling in the brain, and wherein the method reduces the swelling in the brain.