Universal donor cells
Genetically modified cells that are compatible with multiple subjects, e.g., universal donor cells, and methods of generating the genetically modified cells are provided herein. The universal donor cells comprise at least one genetic modification within or near at least one gene that encodes one or more MHC-I or MHC-II human leukocyte antigens or component or transcriptional regulator of the MHC-I or MHC-II complex, at least one genetic modification that increases the expression of at least one polynucleotide that encodes a tolerogenic factor, and optionally at least one genetic modification that increases or decreases the expression of at least one gene that encodes a survival factor.
1. An in vitro method for generating a universal donor cell, the method comprising delivering to a stem cell:
(a) an RNA-guided nuclease;
(b) a guide RNA (gRNA) targeting a target site in a beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) gene locus; and
(c) a vector comprising a nucleic acid, the nucleic acid comprising: (i) a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 17 and encoding a tolerogenic factor; (ii) a nucleotide sequence consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 13 and having sequence homology with a genomic region located left of the target site; and (iii) a nucleotide sequence consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 19 and having sequence homology with a genomic region located right of the target site, wherein (i) is flanked by (ii) and (iii);
wherein the B2M gene locus is cleaved at the target site and the nucleotide sequence encoding the tolerogenic factor is inserted into the B2M gene locus, thereby disrupting the B2M gene and generating a universal donor cell, wherein the universal donor cell has increased immune evasion and/or cell survival compared to a stem cell that does not comprise the nucleotide sequence encoding the tolerogenic factor inserted into the B2M gene locus.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the target site consists of a nucleotide sequence chosen from SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, and SEQ ID NO: 3.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the target site consists of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID SEQ ID NO: 2.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nucleotide sequence encoding the tolerogenic factor is operably linked to an exogenous promoter.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the exogenous promoter is constitutive, cell type-specific, tissue-type specific, or temporally regulated.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the exogenous promoter is a CAGGS promoter.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the vector is a plasmid vector.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the vector comprises a nucleic acid sequence consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 33.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the RNA-guided nuclease is a Cas9 nuclease.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the Cas9 nuclease is linked to at least one nuclear localization signal.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the Cas9 nuclease is a S. pyogenes Cas9.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the stem cell is an embryonic stem cell, an adult stem cell, an induced pluripotent stem cell, or a hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the stem cell is a human stem cell.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the human stem cell is a human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell.
15. An in vitro method for generating a universal donor cell, the method comprising delivering to a stem cell:
(a) an RNA-guided nuclease;
(b) a guide RNA (gRNA) targeting a target site in a beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) gene locus, wherein the gRNA comprises a spacer sequence corresponding to a target sequence consisting of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2 and 3; and
(c) a vector comprising a nucleic acid, the nucleic acid comprising: (i) a nucleotide sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 17 and encoding a tolerogenic factor; (ii) a nucleotide sequence consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 13 and having sequence homology with a genomic region located left of the target site; and (iii) a nucleotide sequence consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 19 having sequence homology with a genomic region located right of the target site, wherein (i) is flanked by (ii) and (iii);
wherein the B2M gene locus is cleaved at the target site and the nucleotide sequence encoding the tolerogenic factor is inserted into the B2M gene locus, thereby disrupting the B2M gene and generating a universal donor cell, wherein the universal donor cell has increased immune evasion and/or cell survival compared to a stem cell that does not comprise the nucleotide sequence encoding the tolerogenic factor inserted into the B2M gene locus.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the target sequence consists of SEQ ID NO: 2.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the nucleotide sequence encoding the tolerogenic factor is operably linked to an exogenous promoter.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the exogenous promoter is constitutive, cell type-specific, tissue-type specific, or temporally regulated.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the exogenous promoter is a CAGGS promoter.
20. The method of claim 15 , wherein the vector is a plasmid vector.
21. The method of claim 20 , wherein the vector comprises a nucleic acid sequence consisting essentially of SEQ ID NO: 33.
22. The method of claim 15 , wherein the RNA-guided nuclease is a Cas9 nuclease.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the Cas9 nuclease is linked to at least one nuclear localization signal.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein the Cas9 nuclease is a S. pyogenes Cas9.
25. The method of claim 15 , wherein the stem cell is an embryonic stem cell, an adult stem cell, an induced pluripotent stem cell, or a hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell.
26. The method of claim 15 wherein the stem cell is a human stem cell.
27. The method of claim 26 , wherein the human stem cell is a human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell.