Process for the production of metal oxides
The present application pertains to methods for making metal oxides and/or citric acid. In one embodiment, the application pertains to a process for producing calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, or both from a material comprising calcium and magnesium. The process may include reacting a material comprising calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate. Separating, concentrating, and calcining may lead to the production of oxides such as calcium oxide or magnesium oxide. In other embodiments the application pertains to methods for producing an alkaline-earth oxide and a carboxylic acid from an alkaline earth cation-carboxylic acid anion salt. Such processes may include, for example, reacting an alkaline-earth cation-carboxylic acid anion salt with aqueous sulfur dioxide to produce aqueous alkaline-earth-bisulfite and aqueous carboxylic acid solution. Other useful steps may include desorbing, separating, and/or calcining.
1. A process for producing calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, or both from a material comprising calcium and magnesium wherein the process comprises:
reacting a material comprising calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate with a solution comprising aqueous sulfur dioxide to form a gas comprising CO 2 , a liquid solution comprising aqueous magnesium sulfite, and a solid comprising calcium sulfite;
separating said solid comprising calcium sulfite from said liquid solution comprising aqueous magnesium sulfite;
concentrating said aqueous magnesium sulfite using a membrane based process to form a concentrate solution comprising magnesium sulfite and a permeate comprising water;
precipitating solid magnesium sulfite from said concentrate solution comprising aqueous magnesium sulfite; and
calcining said solid calcium sulfite to produce calcium oxide or cement or calcining said solid magnesium sulfite to produce magnesium oxide or cement; wherein a drying step is conducted before said calcining, wherein at least a portion of heat for said drying is supplied by reacting calcium oxide with water, or reacting magnesium oxide with water, or both.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein said membrane based process comprises reverse osmosis, or forward osmosis, or both.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein said concentrating is conducted at a temperature greater than about 35° C. and less than about 100° C.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein said precipitating comprises cooling said concentrate solution to a temperature of less than about 35° C.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein said drying is at least partially conducted at a temperature less than a temperature of calcining.
6. The process of claim 1 wherein the concentration of CO 2 in the gas comprising CO 2 is greater than about 95 volume percent.
7. The process of claim 1 wherein the partial pressure of CO 2 in the gas comprising CO 2 is greater than about 1.5 atm.
8. The process of claim 1 wherein the calcining of calcium sulfite to calcium oxide, or the calcining of magnesium sulfite to magnesium oxide, or both further comprises forming a gas comprising sulfur dioxide.
9. The process of claim 8 further comprising absorbing at least a portion of said gas comprising sulfur dioxide into a solution comprising water to form aqueous sulfur dioxide.
10. The process of claim 9 wherein at least a portion of said solution comprising water comprises the permeate comprising water.
11. The process of claim 1 further comprising employing an anti-scaling chemical.
12. The process of claim 1 which further comprises heating a remaining solution after precipitating magnesium sulfite mixed said remaining solution with said aqueous magnesium sulfite before or during concentrating by the membrane based process.
13. The process of claim 1 which further comprises removing at least a portion of non-magnesium sulfite impurities from a remaining solution after precipitating magnesium sulfite.
14. The process of claim 1 which further comprising employing a remaining solution after precipitating magnesium sulfite to absorb at least a portion of any sulfur dioxide produced by calcining of calcium sulfite or calcining of magnesium sulfite.
15. The process of claim 1 which further comprises recovering at least a portion of any sulfur dioxide produced by calcining of calcium sulfite or calcining of magnesium sulfite by cryogenic separation.
16. The process of claim 1 wherein a carrier gas comprising water vapor is employed during drying and wherein the process further comprising removing at least a portion of water vapor from said carrier gas.
17. The process of claim 16 wherein the removing comprises reacting the water vapor with calcium oxide to form calcium hydroxide.
18. The process of claim 16 wherein the removing comprises reacting the water vapor with a non-regenerated desiccant.
19. The process of claim 16 wherein the removing comprises employing a liquid desiccant, or a solid desiccant, or both.
20. The process of claim 16 wherein the removing comprises employing a membrane-based process.
21. The process of claim 16 wherein the removing comprises condensing.
22. The process of claim 16 wherein said carrier gas comprises less than about 2 percent by volume of diatomic oxygen.
23. A process for producing magnesium oxide from a material comprising calcium and magnesium comprising:
reacting a material comprising calcium and magnesium with a solution comprising aqueous sulfur dioxide to form a liquid solution comprising aqueous magnesium sulfite, and a solid comprising calcium sulfite;
separating said solid comprising calcium sulfite from said liquid solution comprising aqueous magnesium sulfite;
concentrating said aqueous magnesium sulfite using a membrane-based process to form a concentrate solution comprising magnesium sulfite;
precipitating solid magnesium sulfite from said concentrate solution comprising aqueous magnesium sulfite; and
calcining said solid magnesium sulfite to produce magnesium oxide; wherein a drying step is conducted before said calcining, wherein at least a portion of heat for said drying is supplied by reacting calcium oxide with water, or reacting magnesium oxide with water, or both.