Removal of materials from water

1. A method of removing phosphorus from water, the method comprising:

immersing an electrochemical cell in water comprising phosphorus to form treated water comprising a salt that comprises the phosphorus, wherein the electrochemical cell is a galvanic cell, the electrochemical cell comprising

an anode comprising Al,

a cathode having a different composition than the anode, the cathode comprising Cu, wherein the cathode comprises a planar frame of the electrochemical cell and a cathode material comprised within a perimeter of the frame, wherein the cathode material is electrically connected to the frame, wherein the cathode material comprised within the perimeter of the planar frame comprises a porous cathode material, and

a conductive connector that electrically connects the anode and the cathode, the conductive connector comprising Cu, Zn, Fe, Cd, Ni, Sn, Pb, or a combination thereof, wherein the conductive connector comprises a screw, a bolt, or a combination thereof; and

separating the salt comprising the phosphorus from the treated water, to form separated water having a lower phosphorus concentration than the water comprising phosphorus.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the anode and the cathode directly contact one another.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conductive connector comprises an alloy comprising Cu and Zn.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conductive connector comprises brass.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the separated water

has a total phosphorus concentration that is 0% to 20% of the total phosphorus concentration of the water comprising phosphorus, or

has a dissolved phosphorus concentration that is 0% to 20% of the dissolved phosphorus concentration of the water comprising phosphorus, or

has a reactive phosphorus concentration that is 0% to 20% of the total phosphorus concentration of the water comprising phosphorus, or

has a total nitrogen concentration that is 0% to 30% of a total nitrogen concentration of the water comprising phosphorus, or

has a total nitrogen concentration that is 0% to 30% of a dissolved nitrogen concentration of the water comprising phosphorus, or

a combination thereof.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the salt comprising the phosphorus comprises a material from the anode.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the water comprising phosphorus further comprises a dissolved transition metal, post-transition metal, metalloid, or a combination thereof, further comprising forming a hydroxide salt comprising the transition metal, post-transition metal, or metalloid during the immersing of the electrochemical cell in the water comprising phosphorus, wherein the separating of the salt comprising the phosphorus from the treated water further comprises separating the hydroxide salt comprising the transition metal, post-transition metal, or metalloid from the treated water.

8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying mechanical force to the electrochemical cell during the immersing of the electrochemical cell in the water comprising phosphorus, or applying shear to the water comprising phosphorus during the immersing of the electrochemical cell in the water comprising phosphorus, or a combination thereof, wherein the mechanical force and/or shear is sufficient to

dislodge at least some bubbles comprising H 2 from the surface of the anode, cathode, or a combination thereof, or

at least partially prevent oxide formation at the surface of the anode, or

at least partially prevent agglomeration of the salt comprising the phosphorus on the surface of the anode, or

a combination thereof.

9. The method of claim 1 , comprising

immersing the electrochemical cell or a plurality thereof in an enclosure comprising the water comprising the phosphorus; and

filtering the salt comprising the phosphorus from the treated water via one of more filters that are at least partially submerged in the water comprising the phosphorus that immerses the electrochemical cells.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical cell comprises:

the planar frame, wherein the planar frame comprises a polygonal perimeter;

the porous cathode material, wherein the porous cathode material comprises a wire mesh or a wire screen that is in direct contact with the frame; and

a plurality of anodes that are each the anode comprising Al, and a plurality of the conductive connectors that electrically connect each of the anodes and the cathode;

wherein each of the anodes is a strip fastened to the planar frame at two opposite edges of the planar frame on a face of the frame, wherein each of the anodes is fastened to the planar frame with at least one of the conductive connectors at each of the two edges of the planar frame, such that each of the anodes on the face are approximately parallel to one another on the face and span across the porous material comprised within the perimeter of the planar frame forming a gap between the porous material comprised within the perimeter of the planar frame and the anode strip, wherein each of the anodes directly contacts the cathode frame at each of the edges of the planar frame, wherein the plurality of the anodes are spaced-apart across the face of the frame such that they do not physically contact one another, and wherein the gap is about 1 mm to about 110 mm.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is a method of making AlPO 4 , aluminum hydroxide, or a combination thereof, wherein:

the water comprising phosphorus has a pH of about 5 to about 7;

the salt comprising the phosphorus comprises

AlPO 4 or a hydrate thereof, the AlPO 4 comprising the phosphorus and Al from the anode, or

aluminum hydroxide or a hydrate thereof, the aluminum hydroxide comprising Al from the anode, or

a combination thereof;

the anode is about 90 wt % to about 100 wt % Al;

the cathode is about 90 wt % to about 100 wt % Cu; and

separating the salt comprising the phosphorus from the treated water provides separated AlPO 4 , aluminum hydroxide, or a combination thereof.

12. A method of removing phosphorus froth water, the method comprising:

immersing an electrochemical cell in water comprising phosphorus having a pH of about 5 to about 7 to form treated water comprising a salt that comprises the phosphorus, wherein the electrochemical cell is a galvanic cell, the salt comprising

AlPO 4 or a hydrate thereof, the AIM comprising the phosphorus and Al from the anode,

aluminum hydroxide or a hydrate thereof, the aluminum hydroxide comprising Al from the anode, or

a combination thereof,

the electrochemical cell comprising

an anode comprising Al, wherein the anode is about 90 wt % to about 100 wt % Al,

a cathode comprising Cu, wherein the cathode is about 90 wt % to about 100 wt % Cu, wherein the cathode comprises a planar frame of the electrochemical cell and a cathode material comprised within a perimeter of the frame, wherein the cathode material is electrically connected to the frame, wherein the cathode material comprised within the perimeter of the planar frame comprises a porous cathode material, and

a conductive connector that electrically connects the anode and the cathode, the conductive connector comprising an alloy comprising Cu and Zn, wherein the conductive connector comprises a screw, a bolt, or a combination thereof; and

separating the salt comprising the phosphorus from the treated water, to form separated water having a lower phosphorus concentration than the water comprising phosphorus.

13. A method of removing phosphorus from water, the method comprising:

immersing an electrochemical cell in water comprising phosphorus to form treated water comprising a salt that comprises the phosphorus, the electrochemical cell comprising

an anode comprising Mg, Al, Fe, Zn, or a combination thereof,

a cathode having a different composition than the anode, the cathode comprising Cu, Ni, Fe, or a combination thereof; and

separating the salt comprising the phosphorus from the treated water, to form separated water having a lower phosphorus concentration than the water comprising phosphorus;

wherein the electrochemical cell comprises

the cathode comprising Cu, Ni, Fe, or a combination thereof, wherein the cathode comprises a planar frame of the electrochemical cell having a polygonal perimeter and a porous material comprised within the perimeter of the frame that is a wire mesh or a wire screen that is in direct contact with the frame, and

a plurality of anodes that are each the anode comprising Mg, Al, Fe, Zn, or a combination thereof, and a plurality of conductive connectors that electrically connect each of the anodes and the cathode, each of the conductive connectors comprising Cu, Zn, Fe; Cd, Ni, Sn, Pb, or a combination thereof,

wherein each of the anodes is a strip fastened to the planar frame at two opposite edges of the planar frame on a face of the frame, wherein each of the anodes is fastened to the planar frame with at least one of the conductive connectors at each of the two edges of the planar frame, such that each of the anodes on the face are approximately parallel to one another on the face and span across the porous material comprised within the perimeter of the planar frame forming a gap between the porous material comprised within the perimeter of the planar frame and the anode strip, wherein each of the anodes directly contacts the cathode frame at each of the edges of the planar frame, wherein the plurality of the anodes are spaced-apart across the face of the such that they do not physically contact one another, and wherein the gap is about 1 mm to about 110 mm.

14. A method of removing phosphorus from water, the method comprising:

immersing an electrochemical cell in water comprising phosphorus to form treated water comprising a salt that comprises the phosphorus, wherein the electrochemical cell is a galvanic cell, the electrochemical cell comprising

a plurality of anodes in the form of strips, each of the anodes comprising Al,

a cathode having a different composition than the anode, the cathode comprising Cu, and

a plurality of conductive connectors, each of the conductive connectors comprising Cu Zn Fe, Cd, Ni, Sn, Pb, or a combination thereof, wherein each of the conductive connectors comprises a screw, a bolt, or a combination thereof, and wherein each anode is fastened to and electrically connected to the cathode via at least one of the conductive connectors; and

separating the salt comprising the phosphorus from the treated water, to form separated water having a lower phosphorus concentration than the water comprising phosphorus.