Spreading depolarization and repolarization as biomarkers of neurological recovery after cardiac arrest
Electrophysiologic biomarkers for prognostication of neurological outcome are described herein. An inverse correlation was found between timing of a cortical spreading depolarization (SD) wave and neurological outcome as tested at 24 hours post-CPR. Additionally, a minor image of this SD was identified as a “repolarization (RP) wave.” Quantifying features of SD and RP during cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) provide important metrics for diagnosis and prognosis of neurological injury from hypoxia-ischemia and can serve as an early prognostication tool for predicting outcome at subsequent days after successful CPR. This discovery may also allow for novel therapeutic interventions to improve neurological recovery after hypoxia-ischemia insults.
1. A method of improving a neurological outcome in a subject during cardiac arrest, comprising:
a. detecting spreading depolarization (SD), or a lack or delay of the SD, in a brain of the subject post cardiac arrest to generate SD data;
b. resuscitating the subject;
c. detecting repolarization (RP), or a lack or delay of the RP, in the brain of the subject post resuscitation to generate RP data;
d. comparing the SD and RP data to one or more metrics to determine a neurological outcome score;
e. identifying a neurological condition of the brain based on the neurological outcome score;
f. administering a treatment to the subject to improve the neurological condition of the brain; and
g. determining severity and prognosticating the neurological outcome of the neurological condition using the neurological outcome score;
wherein the SD is a biomarker for the neurological outcome of the brain post-cardiac arrest, wherein the RP is a biomarker for the neurological outcome of the brain post-resuscitation, and wherein prognosticating the neurological outcome of the neurological condition of the brain is determined in real-time.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the treatment comprises therapeutically administering a drug, electrical stimulation, magnetic stimulation, optical stimulation, soundwave-induced stimulation, or a combination thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
a. measuring one or more of cerebral blood flow (CBF), tissue oxygenation, and tissue scattering in the brain;
b. determining one or more of cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) from the measurements of the CBF and the tissue oxygenation, and scattering change onset, duration, and magnitude of the scattering change; and
c. comparing one or more of the CMRO2, the scattering change onset, the duration of scattering change, the magnitude of scattering change, the CBF measurements, and the tissue oxygenation measurements to one or more metrics to determine the neurological outcome score.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein one or more of the CBF, tissue oxygenation, and tissue scattering are measured by one or more optical measurement devices comprising point measurement devices, diffuse optical measurement devices, or optical measurement devices capable of measuring one or more of the CBF, tissue oxygenation, and tissue scattering through intact human skull.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the SD and RP are detected by an electroencephalogram (EEG), an electrocorticograph (ECoG), one or more optical measurement devices, or a combination thereof.
6. The method of claim 1 further comprising inducing the SD in the brain during or immediately after the cardiac arrest.
7. The method of claim 1 further comprising inducing the RP in the brain during or immediately after the resuscitation.