Aqueous zinc-metal batteries comprising “water-in-salt” electrolyte
Water-in-salt electrolytes for zinc metal batteries are disclosed. The electrolyte includes a zinc halide. The electrolyte may be a hybrid water-in-salt electrolyte further including an additional metal halide or nonmetal halide. Batteries including the electrolytes are disclosed, as well as devices including the batteries and methods of making the batteries.
1. An electrolyte for a zinc metal battery including a cathode comprising a metal ion insertion material, the electrolyte comprising:
a zinc halide;
a metal halide or nonmetal halide comprising a metal or a nonmetal cation Q x+ where x is an integer from 1 to 4, and Q is an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a Group IIIA metal, a transition metal other than Zn, a nonmetal cation, or any combination thereof; and
water, the electrolyte having a [ZnX 2 ]≥10 m and [ZnX 2 ]+[Q x+ ]≥10.5 m, where X is Cl, F, I, Br, or any combination thereof.
2. The electrolyte of claim 1 where:
10 m≤[ZnX 2 ]≤30 m and 0.5 m≤[Q x+ ]≤150 m, or
15 m≤[ZnX 2 ]+[Q x+ ]≤40 m.
3. The electrolyte of claim 1 where [ZnX 2 ]≥15 m.
4. The electrolyte of claim 1 where the metal halide or nonmetal halide is a metal chloride or nonmetal chloride.
5. The electrolyte of claim 1 where Q is Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Al, Mn, Ce, Cr, ammonium, alkyl ammonium, choline ion, or a combination thereof.
6. The electrolyte of claim 1 where:
(i) the zinc halide is ZnCl 2 ; or
(ii) Q is Li and the metal halide is LiCl; or
(iii) both (i) and (ii).
7. The electrolyte of claim 1 where a molal concentration ratio of Zn to Q is within a range of from 60:1 to 1:5.
8. The electrolyte of claim 1 , comprising:
10-30 m ZnCl 2 ;
0.5-20 m LiCl; and
water.
9. The electrolyte of claim 1 , consisting essentially of:
the zinc halide;
the metal halide or nonmetal halide; and
water.
10. A zinc metal battery, comprising:
an electrolyte comprising
(a) water and a zinc halide, the zinc halide having a concentration>10 m, or
(b) water, a zinc halide, and a metal halide or nonmetal halide comprising a metal or nonmetal cation Q x+ where x is an integer from 1 to 4, and Q is an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a Group IIIA metal, a transition metal other than Zn, a nonmetal cation, or a combination thereof, where [ZnX 2 ]≥10 m and [ZnX 2 ]+[Q x+ ]≥10.5 m, where X is a halogen;
a cathode comprising a zinc-containing anion insertion material or a Q x+ ion insertion material; and
(i) a zinc anode or (ii) a non-zinc current collector in the absence of an anode prior to a first charge process of the battery after assembly.
11. The zinc metal battery of claim 10 where:
the electrolyte comprises ZnCl 2 and a metal or nonmetal chloride comprising a metal or nonmetal cation Q x+ where [ZnCl 2 ]≥10 m and [ZnCl 2 ][Q x+ ]≥10.5 m; and
the cathode comprises a Q x+ ion insertion material.
12. The zinc metal battery of claim 11 where:
the electrolyte comprises water, ZnCl 2 , and LiCl; and the cathode comprises LiMn 2 O 4 or LiFePO 4 ; or
the electrolyte comprises (i) water, (ii) ZnCl 2 , and (iii) NaCl or KCl or NH 4 Cl or alkyl ammonium chloride, or choline chloride, or any combination thereof; and the cathode comprises Prussian blue, a Prussian blue analog, Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 , Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , or Mn 3 O 4 .
13. The zinc metal battery of claim 10 where:
(i) the battery has an average Coulombic efficiency of at least 98% over 100 cycles; or
(ii) the battery has an overpotential that changes by less than 10% relative to the average overpotential over a time period of at least 500 hours; or
(iii) both (i) and (ii).
14. The zinc metal battery of claim 10 where:
the electrolyte comprises water and ZnCl 2 having a concentration≥18.5 m; and
the cathode comprises a radical polymer or a conductive polymer capable of reversibly hosting [ZnCl 4 ] 2− ions.
15. The zinc metal battery of claim 14 where the cathode comprises polypyrene.
16. The zinc metal battery of claim 14 where the battery has an average Coulombic efficiency of at least 95% over 100 cycles.
17. The zinc metal battery of claim 10 where:
(i) the battery does not comprise an anode prior to a first charge process of the battery after assembly, and the non-zinc current collector comprises carbon paper, carbon cloth, carbon foam, graphite, glassy carbon, or a metal foil, mesh or foam, where the metal is other than aluminum; or
(ii) the battery comprises a limited Zn anode including an initial amount of zinc prior to an initial charge process of the battery, where the initial amount is less than a zinc amount stripped during a full discharge process of the battery; or
(iii) the battery comprises an excess Zn anode including an initial amount of zinc prior to an initial charge process of the battery, where the initial amount is at least 1.5× a zinc amount of stripped during a full discharge process of the battery.
18. A device, comprising a zinc metal battery according to claim 10 .
19. A method of making a zinc metal battery according to claim 10 , comprising:
providing an electrolyte comprising
(a) water and a zinc halide having a concentration>10 M, or
(b) water, a zinc halide, and a metal halide or nonmetal halide comprising a cation Q x+ where x is an integer from 1 to 4, and Q is an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a Group IIIA metal, a transition metal other than Zn, a nonmetal cation, or a combination thereof, where [ZnX 2 ]≥10 m and [ZnX 2 ]+[Q x+ ]≥10.5 m, where X is a halogen;
assembling a battery comprising the electrolyte, a cathode comprising a zinc-containing anion insertion material or a Q x+ ion insertion material, and (i) a zinc anode or (ii) a non-zinc current collector in the absence of an anode.
20. The method of claim 19 where:
the electrolyte comprises ZnCl 2 , LiCl, and water; and the cathode comprises LiMn 2 O 4 or LiFePO 4 ; or
the electrolyte consists essentially of ZnCl 2 and water; and the cathode comprises polypyrene; or
the electrolyte consists essentially of ZnCl 2 and water; and the cathode comprises Mn 3 O 4 ; or
the electrolyte consists essentially of (i) water, (ii) ZnCl 2 , and (iii) NaCl or KCl or NH 4 Cl or alkyl ammonium chloride or choline chloride, or a combination thereof; and the cathode comprises Mn 3 O 4 ; or
the electrolyte comprises (i) water, (ii) ZnCl 2 , and (iii) NaCl or KCl or NH 4 Cl or alkyl ammonium chloride or choline chloride, or a combination thereof; and the cathode comprises Prussian blue, a Prussian blue analog, Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 2 F 3 or Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 .