Method for electrolytically passivating a surface of silver, silver alloy, gold, or gold alloy
A method for electrolytically passivating a surface of silver, silver alloy, gold, or gold alloy, the method comprising the steps of (i) providing a substrate comprising the surface, (ii) providing an aqueous passivation solution comprising trivalent chromium ions, and one or more than one species of carboxylic acid residue anions, (iii) contacting the substrate with the passivation solution and passing an electrical current between the substrate as a cathode and an anode such that a passivation layer is electrolytically deposited onto the surface, wherein the trivalent chromium ions with respect to all species of carboxylic acid residue anions form a molar ratio in the range from 1:10 to 1:400.
1. A method for electrolytically passivating a surface of silver, silver alloy, gold, or gold alloy, the method comprising the steps of:
(i) providing a substrate comprising said surface,
(ii) providing an aqueous passivation solution comprising:
trivalent chromium ions, and
one or more than one species of carboxylic acid residue anions,
(iii) contacting the substrate with said passivation solution and passing an electrical current between the substrate as a cathode and an anode such that a passivation layer is electrolytically deposited onto said surface,
wherein
the trivalent chromium ions with respect to all species of carboxylic acid residue anions form a molar ratio in the range from 1:10 to 1:400, and
wherein the trivalent chromium ions are present in the aqueous passivation solution at a concentration in the range from 0.1 g/L to 5.0 g/L, based on total volume of the passivation solution.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous passivation solution has a pH in the range from 3.1 to 7.5.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more than one species of carboxylic acid residue anions are species of aliphatic carboxylic acid residue anions.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more than one species of carboxylic acid residue anions comprises formate anions, oxalate anions, or both format anions and oxalate anions.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein in the passivation solution the molar ratio is in the range from 1:15 to 1:350.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein in step (i) the surface of silver alloy and gold alloy, respectively, individually comprises a total amount of silver and gold, respectively, of 55 atom-% or more, based on the total amount of atoms in the respective surface.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous passivation solution does not comprise sulfur containing compounds comprising a sulfur atom having an oxidation state below +6, boric acid, phosphate ions, nitrate ions, ammonium ions, and chloride ions.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein in step (iii) the electrical current has a cathodic current density in the range from 0.5 A/dm 2 to 25 A/dm 2 .
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the passivation layer deposited in step (iii) at least comprises the elements chromium, carbon, and oxygen.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the passivation layer deposited in step (iii) comprises oxides, hydroxides, or both oxides and hydroxides of trivalent chromium.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein in step (iii) the contacting is carried out for 1 second to 1000 seconds.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein in step (iii) the passivation solution has a temperature in the range from 25° C. to 70° C.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the passivation layer is present at a thickness of 500 nm or less.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the passivation layer is transparent.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the trivalent chromium ions with respect to all species of carboxylic acid residue anions form a molar ratio in the range from 1:25 to 1:400.