System for protein inactivation and recombinant phages for targeted bacterial killing, infection, biodetection, and as a means of protein extraction
Recombinant phages that infect and kill bacterial hosts in response to user-defined inputs are provided. The components that encode the user-defined inputs can be combined, such that multiple inputs are maintained on a single recombinant phage, enabling precise control over the targeting strategy. The phages can be engineered to kill a specific bacterial species or multiple species simultaneously. Recombinant phages can also be engineered to harbor fluorescent and bioluminescent reporter genes that enable them to be used for tracking, detection, and in biosensing applications. Recombinant phages can also be used to lyse bacterial cells that produce recombinant proteins, as a rapid method to enable extraction and high-level purification of potentially valuable and/or industrially important proteins. Systems are provided that can be used to control the activity of a protein of interest, by taking advantage of an interaction between Qtip and a phage repressor protein.
1. An engineered recombinant phage, comprising a first DNA construct configured to drive a phage lytic program for a first bacterium, and where at least one regulator of a phage lytic gene is subject to a promoter,
wherein the engineered recombinant phage is a temperate phage, and
wherein the engineered recombinant phage is capable of detecting and responding to a host-produced quorum-sensing autoinducer, where detecting includes the host-produced quorum-sensing autoinducer binding to a phage-encoded quorum-sensing receptor.
2. The engineered recombinant phage according to claim 1 , wherein the first DNA construct is configured to drive the phage lytic program for the first bacterium and an additional phage lytic program for an additional bacterium.
3. The engineered recombinant phage according to claim 1 , wherein the engineered recombinant phage comprises a component from a phage that is specific to a second bacterium different from the first bacterium.
4. The engineered recombinant phage according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one regulator of the phage lytic gene is a phage protein.
5. The engineered recombinant phage according to claim 4 , wherein the phage protein is Qtip (quorum triggered inactivator of cI protein).
6. The engineered recombinant phage according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one regulator of a phage lytic gene is a non-phage protein.
7. The engineered recombinant phage according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one regulator of a phage lytic gene encodes a repressor.
8. The engineered recombinant phage according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one regulator of a phage lytic gene encodes an antirepressor.
9. The engineered recombinant phage according to claim 1 , wherein the promoter is activated by a specific species of bacteria.
10. The engineered recombinant phage according to claim 1 , wherein the phage has been modified such that it does not respond to any of its native biological inputs.
11. The engineered recombinant phage according to claim 1 , wherein the promoter is configured to be light-activated via a photoresponsive transcription factor.
12. The engineered recombinant phage according to claim 1 , wherein the promoter is configured to be activated by the presence of a chemical species.
13. The engineered recombinant phage according to claim 12 , wherein the chemical species is a small molecule, a metabolite, or an artificial inducer.
14. The engineered recombinant phage according to claim 1 , wherein the engineered recombinant phage comprises a plurality of DNA constructs.
15. The engineered recombinant phage according to claim 14 , wherein the phage further comprises a second DNA construct configured to prevent a phage lytic program, the second genetic construct having at least one regulator of a phage lytic gene subject to a promoter.
16. The engineered recombinant phage according to claim 14 , wherein the phage further comprises a second DNA construct configured to lyse bacteria producing recombinant proteins.
17. A method for selectively lysing a bacterium, comprising the steps of:
providing an engineered recombinant phage according to claim 1 ;
contacting a target bacterium with the phage; and
allowing the phage to lyse the bacterium.
18. A prophylactic method for a high-risk individual, comprising the steps of:
introducing a plurality of engineered recombinant phages according to claim 1 , which are delivered by commensal bacteria to the high-risk individual prior to coming in contact with a pathogenic bacterium;
wherein the engineered recombinant phage comprises a first DNA construct configured to drive a phage lytic program for the pathogenic bacterium, and where at least one regulator of a phage lytic gene is subject to a promoter that is activated by the pathogenic bacterium.
19. The prophylactic method according to claim 18 , wherein the promoter is induced by an external trigger or activated by a cue that is specifically produced by the pathogenic bacterium.
20. A method for manufacturing an engineered recombinant temperate phage, comprising the steps of:
providing a first gene adapted to drive a phage lytic program;
providing a first promoter; and
integrating the first gene under the first promoter on a plasmid,
wherein the engineered recombinant temperate phage is capable of detecting and responding to a host-produced quorum-sensing autoinducer, where detecting includes the host-produced quorum-sensing autoinducer binding to a phage-encoded quorum-sensing receptor.
21. The method according to claim 20 , further comprising removing a natural lytic regulatory component of the phage, modifying the phage such that it does not respond to any of its native biological inputs, or a combination thereof.
22. The method according to claim 20 , wherein the first gene, the first promoter, or both comprises either synthetic DNA or transgenic DNA.
23. The method according to claim 20 , wherein integrating is accomplished by a method selected from the group consisting of: in-vitro or in-vivo transposon mutagenesis, homologous recombination promoted by natural competence mechanisms or a suicide vector, recombineering with the lambda red system, restriction enzyme-based cloning or isothermal assembly, and genome editing using transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), or clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR-Cas) based procedures.
24. An engineered recombinant temperate phage, comprising:
a DNA construct having at least one reporter tag subject to a promoter, wherein the phage is capable of detecting and responding to a host-produced quorum-sensing autoinducer, where detecting includes the host-produced quorum-sensing autoinducer binding to a phage-encoded quorum-sensing receptor.
25. The engineered recombinant phage according to claim 24 , wherein the reporter tag is a fluorescent or luminescent reporter tag.
26. A system for inactivating a protein of interest, comprising:
a first promoter controlling expression of a qtip (quorum triggered inactivator of cI protein) gene; and
a second promoter controlling expression of a gene that encodes a phage repressor protein fused to a protein of interest,
wherein the phage repressor protein is capable of being inactivated by Qtip when Qtip is expressed and interacts with the phage repressor protein.
27. The system according to claim 26 , wherein the second promoter is a natural promoter of the protein of interest.
28. The system according to claim 26 , wherein the first promoter is activated by a specific species of bacteria, light-activated via a photoresponsive transcription factor, or activated by the presence of a chemical species.
29. The system according to claim 26 , wherein the chemical species is a small molecule, a metabolite, or an artificial inducer.
30. A method for controlling the activity of a protein of interest, comprising the steps of:
providing a system according to claim 26 ;
producing a fusion protein containing the phage repressor protein fused to a protein of interest by expressing the gene that encodes the phage repressor protein fused to a protein of interest;
producing a Qtip protein by inducing expression of the qtip gene at a point in time after the fusion protein is produced; and
allowing the Qtip protein to inactivate the phage repressor protein.