Sensors comprising electrically-conductive protein nanowires
A gas sensor includes a biomaterial comprising electrically-conductive protein nanowires and at least two electrodes. The at least two electrodes are in operative arrangement with the protein nanowires and configured to provide a signal indicative of a change in conductivity of the protein nanowires. The conductivity of the protein nanowires is responsive to a change in concentration of a gas exposed to the biomaterial, such as ammonia, or to a change in relative humidity.
1. A gas sensor comprising: a biomaterial comprising electrically-conductive protein nanowires, wherein the protein nanowires comprise a structure assembled from protein monomers having an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:1-SEQ ID NO:33 and variants thereof; and at least two electrodes in operative arrangement with the protein nanowires and configured to provide a signal indicative of a change in conductivity of the protein nanowires, the conductivity of the protein nanowires being responsive to a change in concentration of a gas exposed to the biomaterial.
2. The gas sensor of claim 1 , wherein conductivity of the protein nanowires varies in response to changes in ammonia concentration.
3. The gas sensor of claim 2 , wherein the changes in ammonia concentration are within a range of about 5 ppb to about 15,000 ppb.
4. The gas sensor of claim 1 , wherein conductivity of the protein nanowires varies in response to changes in humidity.
5. The gas sensor of claim 4 , wherein the changes in humidity are relative changes in humidity of between about 5% to about 100%.
6. The gas sensor of claim 1 , wherein the protein nanowires are configured to yield an electrical output in response to exposure to moisture and without an applied voltage to the biomaterial.
7. The gas sensor of claim 1 , further comprising an energy store.
8. The gas sensor of claim 1 , wherein the at least two electrodes are configured to apply a voltage to the biomaterial.
9. The gas sensor of claim 8 , wherein an applied voltage is of about 0.1 V to about 5 V.
10. The gas sensor of claim 1 , wherein the protein nanowires comprise a pilus structure, a cytochrome filament structure, or a combination thereof.
11. The gas sensor of claim 10 , wherein the pilus structure is a type IV pilus structure.
12. The gas sensor of claim 1 , wherein the protein nanowires are of the bacterium G. sulfurreducens.
13. The gas sensor of claim 1 , further comprising a flexible substrate on which the film and the at least two electrodes are disposed.
14. The gas sensor of claim 1 , wherein the at least two electrodes are interdigitated.
15. The gas sensor of claim 1 , wherein the biomaterial comprises a composite of protein nanowires and at least one other material.
16. The gas sensor of claim 15 , wherein the at least one other material is an organic or inorganic material that modifies a conductive property of the protein nanowires, confers structural support to the protein nanowires, or a combination thereof.
17. The gas sensor of claim 1 , wherein the biomaterial is a flexible film.
18. The gas sensor of claim 17 , wherein the film has a thickness of about 2 nm to about 500 nm.
19. A wearable sensor comprising: a gas sensor comprising: a biomaterial comprising electrically-conductive protein nanowires, wherein the protein nanowires comprise a structure assembled from protein monomers having an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO:1-SEQ ID NO:33 and variants thereof, and at least two electrodes in operative arrangement with the protein nanowires and configured to provide a signal indicative of a change in conductivity of the protein nanowires, the conductivity of the protein nanowires being responsive to a change in concentration of a gas exposed to the biomaterial; and an attachment mechanism.