Ultrasound mediated delivery of drugs
The present invention relates to ultrasound (US) mediated delivery of therapeutic agents, such as the delivery of a drug, gene, nanoparticle or radioisotope, using a bi-phasic microparticle system comprising gas microbubbles, emulsion microdroplets and clusters thereof. Thus, the present invention relates to a cluster composition and a pharmaceutical composition, and their use for delivery of therapeutic agents and as a contrast agent for ultrasound imaging. It further relates to methods for delivering such therapeutic agents and to the use of said compositions.
1. A method of delivering a therapeutic agent to a mammalian subject, comprising:
administering a cluster composition and a separate therapeutic agent, the cluster composition comprising a suspension of clusters comprising a diameter in the range of 3 to 10 μm and a circularity of <0.9 in an aqueous biocompatible medium, the cluster composition formed by mixing a first component with a second component, the first component comprising a gas microbubble and a first stabilizer configured to stabilize the microbubble, the second component comprising a microdroplet comprising an oil phase and a second stabilizer comprising a phospholipid, the second stabilizer configured to stabilize the microdroplet, the oil phase comprising a diffusible component configured to diffuse into the gas microbubble so as to transiently increase the size thereof;
enlarging microbubbles of the clusters to form an enlarged bubble which is localized at a region of interest due to transient trapping in the microcirculation at the region of interest by activating a phase shift of the diffusible component by application of an activating ultrasound insonation to a region of interest within the subject, the activating ultrasound insonation comprising a frequency of between about 1 to 10 MHz and a mechanical index of 0.2 to 0.4;
oscillating the enlarged bubble to mechanically flex a vascular wall within the region of interest by application of an enhancement ultrasound insonation to the region of interest after application of the activating ultrasound, the oscillation configured to enhance uptake of the therapeutic drug, the enhancement ultrasound insonation comprising a frequency of about 200 to 1000 kHz and a mechanical index of less than about 0.4; and
wherein the gas microbubble of the first component and the microdroplet of the second component have opposite surface charges and form the clusters via attractive electrostatic interactions, and wherein the activating ultrasound insonation frequency is different than the enhancement ultrasound insonation frequency.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the enhancement ultrasound insonation comprises a frequency at about the resonance frequency of the enlarged bubbles.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the enhancement ultrasound insonation comprises a frequency of about 500 KHz.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the enhancement ultrasound insonation is pulsed.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the oil phase comprises a halogenated C1-7 hydrocarbon.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first stabilizer comprises a phospholipid, a protein, or a polymer.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gas microbubble comprises a gas selected from the group consisting of sulphur hexafluoride and C3-6 perfluorocarbon.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising imaging the microbubbles by application of an imaging ultrasound insonation.
9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising quantifying tissue perfusion within the region of interest.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the therapeutic agent is administered before administration of the cluster composition.
11. The method of claim 1 , comprising administration of a plurality of therapeutic agents.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second stabilizer comprises a phospholipid comprising an overall neutral charge and a positively charged surfactant.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first component and the second component are contained in separate vials and mechanically mixed prior to administration.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the enlarged bubbles are configured to temporarily block microcirculation in the region of interest such that blood flow is stopped for approximately 3 or more minutes.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of a drug molecule, a nanoparticle, and a radioisotope.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of a gene therapy drug, a chemotherapeutic, an immunotherapeutic, and an angiogenesis stimulating drug.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the enhancement ultrasound insonation comprises a mechanical index of about 0.2 or less.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the enhancement ultrasound insonation comprises a mechanical index of about 0.1.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the activating ultrasound insonation comprises a frequency of about 2 MHz.