Blending of renewable fuels
An aviation fuel composition is disclosed, containing 50-95 vol-% of petroleum-derived jet fuel component, and 5-50 vol-% of renewable middle distillate component. The fuel composition has a viscosity of 12 mm2/s or below at −40° C., 10 mm2/s or below at −30° C., and 8 mm2/s or below at −20° C., as measured in accordance with an EN ISO 3104 (1996) standard. A method for producing the aviation fuel composition is also disclosed. The method containing mixing the petroleum derived jet fuel component and the renewable middle distillate component to obtain the aviation fuel composition, such that the petroleum-derived jet fuel component and the renewable middle distillate component are mixed together in an amount containing 5-50 vol-% of renewable middle distillate component and about 50-95 vol-% of petroleum-derived jet fuel component.
1. An aviation fuel blend having a measured viscosity of 12 mm 2 /s or below at −40° C., and 10 mm 2 /s or below at −30° C., measured in accordance with an EN ISO 3104 (1996) standard, which measured viscosity is at least 0.032 mm 2 /s lower than a calculated viscosity Cs B for the aviation fuel blend, the calculated viscosity Cs B being calculated for the aviation fuel blend based on viscosities of individual fuels thereof at a respective temperature by using a formula (III):
Cs B =EXP([(VBI B )*LN(1000)]/[1−VBI B ]) (III),
where VBI B =ΣV i VBI i ,
where V i is a volume ratio of an individual fuel, and
VBI i =[LN(Cs i )]/[LN(1000*Cs i )],
where VBi is a viscosity index for an individual fuel, and
Cs i is a viscosity of an individual fuel;
the aviation fuel blend consisting of individual fuels of petroleum-derived jet fuel in an amount of up to 95 vol-% mixed with renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel in an amount of 5-40 vol-%;
wherein the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel is from vegetable oil, animal fat, fish fat, palm oil, rapeseed oil, cooking oil, biogas, algae oil, and/or microbial oil, and/or
wherein the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel is from hydrogenated fatty acid materials and/or hydrogenated triglyceride materials;
wherein the petroleum-derived jet fuel complies with at least one aviation fuel standard selected from ASTM D1655, DEFSTAN 91-91, JET A, and JET A-1;
wherein the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel is produced via a Fischer-Tropsch process and isomerisation, and/or wherein the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel is produced via hydrodeoxygenation and isomerisation, and
wherein the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel contains aromatic compounds in an amount of at most 0.5 vol-% and iso-paraffins in an amount of at least 80 vol-%, the rest being other paraffins and the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel comprises at least 70 wt-% of C15 to C18 paraffins.
2. The aviation fuel blend as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the viscosities of the individual fuels are measured in accordance with the EN ISO 3104 (1996) standard.
3. The aviation fuel blend according to claim 1 , wherein the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel has a distillation range from 130° C. to 320° C.
4. The aviation fuel blend according to claim 3 , wherein the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel has a distillation range from 130° C. to 290° C.
5. The aviation fuel blend as claimed in claim 4 , wherein the aviation fuel blend contains 30 vol-% to 40 vol-% of renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel.
6. The aviation fuel blend as claimed in claim 4 , wherein the aviation fuel blend contains 5 vol-% to 30 vol-% of renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel.
7. The aviation fuel blend according to claim 3 , wherein the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel has distillation range from 170° C. to 320° C.
8. The aviation fuel blend as claimed in claim 7 , wherein the aviation fuel blend contains from 10 vol-% to 15 vol-% of renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel.
9. The aviation fuel blend as claimed in claim 7 , wherein the aviation fuel blend contains from 10 vol-% to 40 vol-% of the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel.
10. The aviation fuel blend as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel is an iso-paraffinic middle distillate fuel.
11. The aviation fuel blend as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel contains:
more than 85 wt-% of C15 to C18 paraffins;
less than 20 wt-% of paraffins smaller than C15 paraffins; and
less than 10 wt-% of paraffins larger than C18 paraffins.
12. The aviation fuel blend as claimed in claim 1 ,
wherein the aviation fuel blend has a measured viscosity of 8 mm 2 /s or below at −20° C. measured in accordance with an EN ISO 3104 (1996) standard.
13. The aviation fuel blend as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel contains:
more than 90 wt-% of C15 to C18 paraffins;
less than 7 wt-% of paraffins smaller than C15 paraffins; and
less than 3 wt-% of paraffins larger than C18 paraffins.
14. The aviation fuel blend as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said other paraffins are n-paraffins and/or cyclic paraffins.
15. The aviation fuel blend as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel is from biogas, algae oil and/or microbial oil, wherein the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel is from waste materials and/or residue materials.
16. A method for producing an aviation fuel blend having a measured viscosity of 12 mm 2 /s or below at −40° C., and 10 mm 2 /s or below at −30° C., measured in accordance with an EN ISO 3104 (1996) standard, which measured viscosity is at least 0.032 mm 2 /s lower than a calculated viscosity Cs B for the aviation fuel blend, the calculated viscosity Cs B being calculated for the aviation fuel blend based on viscosities of the individual fuels thereof at a respective temperature by using a formula (III):
Cs B =EXP([(VBI B )*LN(1000)]/[1−VBI B ]) (III),
where VBI B =ΣV i VBI i ,
where V i is a volume ratio of an individual fuel, and
VBI i =[LN(Cs i )]/[LN(1000*Cs i )],
where VBi is a viscosity index for an individual fuel, and
Cs i is a viscosity of an individual fuel,
the method comprising:
mixing individual fuels of petroleum derived jet fuel, and renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel, together in an amount consisting of 5-40 vol-% of renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel and up to 95 vol-% of petroleum-derived jet fuel;
the method also comprising producing the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel from vegetable oil, animal fat, fish fat, palm oil, rapeseed oil, cooking oil, biogas, algae oil and/or microbial oil,
and/or
the method also comprising producing the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel from hydrogenated fatty acid materials and/or hydrogenated triglyceride materials;
wherein the petroleum-derived jet fuel complies with at least one aviation fuel standard selected from ASTM D1655, DEFSTAN 91-91, JET A, and JET A-1;
wherein the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel is produced via a Fischer-Tropsch process and isomerisation, and/or wherein the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel is produced via hydrodeoxygenation and isomerisation; and
wherein the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel contains aromatic compounds in an amount of at most 0.5 vol-% and iso-paraffins in an amount of at least 80 vol-%, the rest being other paraffins and the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel comprises at least 70 wt-% of C15 to C18 paraffins.
17. The method as claimed in claim 16 , wherein the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel has distillation range from 130° C. to 320° C.
18. The method as claimed in claim 17 , wherein the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel has distillation range from 130° C. to 290° C.
19. The method as claimed in claim 18 , wherein the aviation fuel blend contains 5 vol-% to 30 vol-% of renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel.
20. The method as claimed in claim 18 , wherein the aviation fuel blend contains 30 vol-% to 40 vol-% of renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel.
21. The method as claimed in claim 16 , wherein the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel has a distillation range from 170° C. to 320° C.
22. The method as claimed in claim 21 , wherein the aviation fuel blend contains from 10 vol-% to 40 vol-% of the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel.
23. The method as claimed in claim 21 , wherein the aviation fuel blend contains from 10 vol-% to 15 vol-% of renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel.
24. The method as claimed in claim 16 , wherein the viscosities of the individual fuels are measured in accordance with the EN ISO 3104 (1996) standard.
25. The method as claimed in claim 16 , wherein the aviation fuel blend has a measured viscosity of 8 mm 2 /s or below at −20° C. measured in accordance with an EN ISO 3104 (1996) standard.
26. The method as claimed in claim 16 , wherein said other paraffins are n-paraffins and/or cyclic paraffins.
27. The method as claimed in claim 16 , wherein the method comprises producing the renewable paraffinic middle distillate fuel from the biogas, the algae oil and/or the microbial oil, the biogas, the algae oil and/or the microbial oil being waste materials and/or residue materials.