Self-powered sensor nodes for structural health monitoring

1. A self-powered sensor node comprising:

a printed wiring board comprising a microcontroller, a transceiver connected to communicate with the microcontroller, an antenna connected to the transceiver, and a power management module connected to supply electric power to the microcontroller; and

a first patch comprising a first metamaterial substrate and a first piezoelectric element adhered to the first metamaterial substrate, wherein:

the first piezoelectric element is connected to the power management module and to the microcontroller;

the power management module is configured to store electric power received from the first piezoelectric element;

the microcontroller is configured to selectively convert electrical signals received from the first piezoelectric element into sensor data and then command the transceiver to transmit the sensor data via the antenna;

the first metamaterial substrate comprises a cell;

the cell comprises first and second walls and first and second flexible structures which connect the first wall to the second wall;

the first flexible structure comprises a first flexural element integrally connected to the first wall by a first flexural hinge and a second flexural element integrally connected to the second wall by a second flexural hinge;

the second flexible structure comprises a third flexural element integrally connected to the first wall by a third flexural hinge and a fourth flexural element integrally connected to the second wall by a fourth flexural hinge;

the first and second flexural elements form a first cut when the first flexible structure is in an unflexed state and are connected to each other by a fifth flexural hinge that closes a closed end of the first cut; and

the third and fourth flexural elements form a second cut when the second flexible structure is in an unflexed state and are connected to each other by a sixth flexural hinge that closes a closed end of the second cut.

2. The self-powered sensor node as recited in claim 1 , further comprising a second patch comprising a second metamaterial substrate and a second piezoelectric element adhered to the second metamaterial substrate, wherein:

the second piezoelectric element is connected to the power management module and to the microcontroller;

the power management module is further configured to store electric power received from the second piezoelectric element; and

the microcontroller is further configured to selectively send electrical signals to activate the second piezoelectric element prior to selectively converting electrical signals received from the first piezoelectric element into sensor data.

3. The self-powered sensor node as recited in claim 2 , wherein at least one of the first and second metamaterial substrates has an auxetic kirigami honeycomb structure.

4. The self-powered sensor node as recited in claim 1 , wherein the first and second cuts are uniaxial when the first and second flexible structures are in their unflexed states.

5. The self-powered sensor node as recited in claim 1 , wherein the fifth and sixth flexural hinges are separated by a gap that increases in size as the first and second walls move away from each other.

6. The self-powered sensor node as recited in claim 5 , wherein the gap is part of an opening having a concave polygonal shape defined by six straight line segments.

7. The self-powered sensor node as recited in claim 1 , wherein the first through fourth flexural elements bend at the first through fourth flexural hinges respectively as the first and second walls move away from each other.

8. A self-powered sensor node comprising:

a printed wiring board comprising a microcontroller, a transceiver connected to communicate with the microcontroller, an antenna connected to the transceiver, and a power management module connected to supply electric power to the microcontroller; and

a first patch comprising a first metamaterial substrate and a first piezoelectric element adhered to the first metamaterial substrate, wherein:

the first piezoelectric element is connected to the power management module and to the microcontroller;

the power management module is configured to store electric power received from the first piezoelectric element; and

the microcontroller is configured to selectively convert electrical signals received from the first piezoelectric element into sensor data and then command the transceiver to transmit the sensor data via the antenna;

the first metamaterial substrate has an auxetic kirigami honeycomb structure;

the auxetic kirigami honeycomb structure comprises at least one auxetic cell comprising an auxetic frame having kirigami cuts and a negative Poisson's ratio; and

at least one auxetic cell of the first metamaterial substrate comprises first and second walls and first and second flexible structures which connect the first wall to the second wall;

the first flexible structure comprises a first flexural element integrally connected to the first wall by a first flexural hinge and a second flexural element integrally connected to the second wall by a second flexural hinge;

the second flexible structure comprises a third flexural element integrally connected to the first wall by a third flexural hinge and a fourth flexural element integrally connected to the second wall by a fourth flexural hinge;

the first and second flexural elements form a first cut when the first flexible structure is in an unflexed state and are connected to each other by a fifth flexural hinge that closes a closed end of the first cut; and

the third and fourth flexural elements form a second cut when the second flexible structure is in an unflexed state and are connected to each other by a sixth flexural hinge that closes a closed end of the second cut.

9. The self-powered sensor node as recited in claim 8 , wherein the first and second cuts are uniaxial when the first and second flexible structures are in their unflexed states.

10. The self-powered sensor node as recited in claim 8 , wherein the fifth and sixth flexural hinges are separated by a gap that increases in size as the first and second walls move away from each other.

11. The self-powered sensor node as recited in claim 10 , wherein the gap is part of an opening having a concave polygonal shape defined by six straight line segments.

12. The self-powered sensor node as recited in claim 8 , wherein the first through fourth flexural elements bend at the first through fourth flexural hinges respectively as the first and second walls move away from each other.

13. A self-powered sensor node comprising:

a printed wiring board comprising a microcontroller, a transceiver connected to communicate with the microcontroller, an antenna connected to the transceiver, and a power management module connected to supply electric power to the microcontroller;

a first patch comprising a first metamaterial substrate and a first piezoelectric element adhered to the first metamaterial substrate and connected to the power management module; and

a second patch comprising a second metamaterial substrate and a second piezoelectric element adhered to the second metamaterial substrate and connected to the microcontroller, wherein:

the power management module is configured to store electric power received from the first piezoelectric element; and

the microcontroller is configured to selectively convert electrical signals received from the second piezoelectric element into sensor data and then command the transceiver to transmit the sensor data via the antenna;

the first metamaterial substrate comprises a first cell and the second metamaterial substrate comprises a second cell;

each of the first and second cells comprises first and second walls and first and second flexible structures which connect the first wall to the second wall;

the first flexible structure comprises a first flexural element integrally connected to the first wall by a first flexural hinge and a second flexural element integrally connected to the second wall by a second flexural hinge;

the second flexible structure comprises a third flexural element integrally connected to the first wall by a third flexural hinge and a fourth flexural element integrally connected to the second wall by a fourth flexural hinge;

the first and second flexural elements form a first cut when the first flexible structure is in an unflexed state and are connected to each other by a fifth flexural hinge that closes a closed end of the first cut; and

the third and fourth flexural elements form a second cut when the second flexible structure is in an unflexed state and are connected to each other by a sixth flexural hinge that closes a closed end of the second cut.

14. The self-powered sensor node as recited in claim 13 , further comprising a third patch comprising a third metamaterial substrate and a third piezoelectric element adhered to the third metamaterial substrate and connected to the microcontroller, wherein the microcontroller is further configured to selectively send electrical signals to activate the third piezoelectric element prior to selectively converting electrical signals received from the second piezoelectric element into sensor data.

15. The self-powered sensor node as recited in claim 13 , wherein the first and second cuts are uniaxial when the first and second flexible structures are in their unflexed states.

16. The self-powered sensor node as recited in claim 13 , wherein the fifth and sixth flexural hinges are separated by a gap that increases in size as the first and second walls move away from each other.

17. The self-powered sensor node as recited in claim 16 , wherein the gap is part of an opening having a concave polygonal shape defined by six straight line segments.

18. The self-powered sensor node as recited in claim 13 , wherein the first through fourth flexural elements bend at the first through fourth flexural hinges respectively as the first and second walls move away from each other.

19. A self-powered sensor node comprising:

a printed wiring board comprising a microcontroller, a transceiver connected to communicate with the microcontroller, an antenna connected to the transceiver, and a power management module connected to supply electric power to the microcontroller;

a first patch comprising a first metamaterial substrate and a first piezoelectric element adhered to the first metamaterial substrate and connected to the power management module; and

a second patch comprising a second metamaterial substrate and a second piezoelectric element adhered to the second metamaterial substrate and connected to the microcontroller, wherein:

the power management module is configured to store electric power received from the first piezoelectric element;

the microcontroller is configured to selectively convert electrical signals received from the second piezoelectric element into sensor data and then command the transceiver to transmit the sensor data via the antenna;

the first and second metamaterial substrates each have an auxetic kirigami honeycomb structure;

the auxetic kirigami honeycomb structure comprises at least one auxetic cell comprising an auxetic frame having kirigami cuts and a negative Poisson's ratio;

at least one auxetic cell of the first metamaterial substrate comprises first and second walls and first and second flexible structures which connect the first wall to the second wall;

the first flexible structure comprises a first flexural element integrally connected to the first wall by a first flexural hinge and a second flexural element integrally connected to the second wall by a second flexural hinge;

the second flexible structure comprises a third flexural element integrally connected to the first wall by a third flexural hinge and a fourth flexural element integrally connected to the second wall by a fourth flexural hinge;

the first and second flexural elements form a first cut when the first flexible structure is in an unflexed state and are connected to each other by a fifth flexural hinge that closes a closed end of the first cut; and

the third and fourth flexural elements form a second cut when the second flexible structure is in an unflexed state and are connected to each other by a sixth flexural hinge that closes a closed end of the second cut.

20. The self-powered sensor node as recited in claim 19 , further comprising a third patch comprising a third metamaterial substrate and a third piezoelectric element adhered to the third metamaterial substrate and connected to the microcontroller, wherein the microcontroller is further configured to selectively send electrical signals to activate the third piezoelectric element prior to selectively converting electrical signals received from the second piezoelectric element into sensor data.