Method and apparatus for cuff-less blood pressure measurement in a mobile device
A system and method is presented for cuff-less blood pressure measurement in a mobile device. A key aspect of this disclosure is the discovery of a new location for blood pressure measurement at the fingertip of a subject and that reflectance-mode photoplethysmography can be used to help make this measurement. Through experiments in human subjects, it was discovered that it is indeed possible to measure systemic blood pressure by having a subject press the fingertip against a reflectance-mode photo-plethysmography-force sensor unit under visual guidance and then compute blood pressure from the resulting variable-amplitude blood volume oscillations and applied pressure via an oscillometric algorithm.
1. A mobile device, comprising:
a housing defining two opposing exterior surfaces, each of the opposing exterior surfaces being substantially planar;
a processor enclosed within the housing;
a display unit integrated into a first of the two opposing exterior surfaces;
a sensing unit integrated into the housing, wherein the sensing unit includes a reflectance-mode photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor configured to measure blood volume oscillations, and a force sensor disposed underneath the PPG sensor and configured to measure applied pressure;
a visual guide disposed on an exterior surface of the housing adjacent to the sensing unit, such that the visual guide is an indicia for placement of the fingertip on the device; and
a non-transitory computer-readable medium enclosed in the housing that stores instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:
measure pressure applied to the sensing unit by a fingertip of a user,
measure blood volume oscillations in the fingertip,
guide the user via the display unit to vary pressure being applied to the sensing unit while the blood volume oscillations and pressure are measured,
generate an oscillogram from the measured pressure and the measured blood volume oscillations, where the oscillogram plots amplitude of blood volume oscillations as a function of the measured pressure,
calculate a blood pressure value from the oscillogram, and
present the blood pressure value on the display unit.
2. The mobile device of claim 1 wherein the PPG sensor is further defined as a camera.
3. The mobile device of claim 1 includes instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to guide the user to hold the device at a height aligned with the heart of the user.
4. The mobile device of claim 3 further includes instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to capture an image of the user with a camera, compare the captured image to a reference image of the user, and instruct the user to hold the mobile device at a height aligned with the heart of the user based on the comparison of the captured image with the reference image, where the reference image was captured when the device was being held at a height aligned with the heart of the user.
5. The mobile device of claim 1 further includes instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to capture an image of the user with a camera, compare the captured image to a reference image of the user, detect the height at which the device is being held relative to the heart based on the comparison of the captured image with the reference image, where the reference image was captured when the device was being held at a height aligned with the heart of the user, and compensate the calculated blood pressure value in accordance with the detected height.
6. The mobile device of claim 1 wherein the processor generates a blood pressure value by
representing the oscillogram with a mathematical model, wherein the mathematical model is defined in terms of parameters with unknown values, the parameters indicating finger systolic pressure and finger diastolic pressure and specifying a nonlinear blood volume-transmural pressure relationship of the fingertip artery;
estimating the parameters of the mathematical model by fitting the mathematical model to the oscillogram; and
computing brachial systolic pressure and diastolic pressure using the parameter estimates.
7. The mobile device of claim 6 wherein computing brachial systolic pressure and diastolic pressure further comprises use of a transfer function.
8. A mobile device, comprising:
a housing defining two opposing exterior surfaces, each of the opposing exterior surfaces being substantially planar;
a processor enclosed within the housing;
a display unit integrated into a first of the two opposing exterior surfaces;
a sensing unit integrated into the housing, wherein the sensing unit includes a reflectance-mode photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor configured to measure blood volume oscillations, and a force sensor disposed underneath the display unit and configured to measure applied pressure;
a visual guide disposed on an exterior surface of the housing and arranged in relation to the sensing unit, where the visual guide comprises indicia to guide a user in placing base of fingernail and center of finger in relation to the PPG sensor; and
a non-transitory computer-readable medium enclosed in the housing that stores instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:
measure pressure applied to the sensing unit by a fingertip of a user,
measure blood volume oscillations in the fingertip,
guide the user via the display unit to vary pressure being applied to the sensing unit while the blood volume oscillations and pressure are measured,
generate an oscillogram from the measured pressure and the measured blood volume oscillations, where the oscillogram plots amplitude of blood volume oscillations as a function of the measured pressure,
calculate a blood pressure value from the oscillogram, and
present the blood pressure value on the display unit.
9. The mobile device of claim 8 wherein the PPG sensor is further defined as a camera.
10. The mobile device of claim 8 includes instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to guide the user to hold the device at a height aligned with the heart of the user.
11. The mobile device of claim 10 further includes instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to capture an image of the user with a camera, compare the captured image to a reference image of the user, and instruct the user to hold the mobile device at a height aligned with the heart of the user based on the comparison of the captured image with the reference image, where the reference image was captured when the device was being held at a height aligned with the heart of the user.
12. The mobile device of claim 8 further includes instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to capture an image of the user with a camera, compare the captured image to a reference image of the user, detect the height at which the device is being held relative to the heart based on the comparison of the captured image with the reference image, where the reference image was captured when the device was being held at a height aligned with the heart of the user, and compensate the calculated blood pressure value in accordance with the detected height.
13. The mobile device of claim 8 wherein the processor generates a blood pressure value by
representing the oscillogram with a mathematical model, wherein the mathematical model is defined in terms of parameters with unknown values, the parameters indicating finger systolic pressure and finger diastolic pressure and specifying a nonlinear blood volume-transmural pressure relationship of the fingertip artery;
estimating the parameters of the mathematical model by fitting the mathematical model to the oscillogram; and
computing brachial systolic pressure and diastolic pressure using the parameter estimates.
14. The mobile device of claim 13 wherein computing brachial systolic pressure and diastolic pressure further comprises use of a transfer function.
15. A mobile device, comprising:
a housing defining two opposing exterior surfaces, each of the opposing exterior surfaces being substantially planar;
a processor enclosed within the housing;
a display unit integrated into a first of the two opposing exterior surfaces;
a sensing unit integrated into the housing, wherein the sensing unit includes a reflectance-mode photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor configured to measure blood volume oscillations, and a force sensor disposed underneath the display unit and configured to measure applied pressure;
a visual guide on the display unit and arranged in relation to the PPG sensor, wherein the visual guide comprises indicia to guide a user in placing a surface of the fingertip on opposite side of the finger from a fingernail on the finger and distal from the distal interphalangeal joint of the finger onto the PPG sensor; and
a non-transitory computer-readable medium enclosed in the housing that stores instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to:
measure pressure applied to the sensing unit by a fingertip of a user,
measure blood volume oscillations in the fingertip,
guide the user via the display unit to vary pressure being applied to the sensing unit while the blood volume oscillations and pressure are measured,
generate an oscillogram from the measured pressure and the measured blood volume oscillations, where the oscillogram plots amplitude of blood volume oscillations as a function of the measured pressure,
calculate a blood pressure value from the oscillogram, and
present the blood pressure value on the display unit.
16. The mobile device of claim 15 wherein the PPG sensor is further defined as a camera.
17. The mobile device of claim 15 includes instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to guide the user to hold the device at a height aligned with the heart of the user.
18. The mobile device of claim 17 further includes instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to capture an image of the user with a camera, compare the captured image to a reference image of the user, and instruct the user to hold the mobile device at a height aligned with the heart of the user based on the comparison of the captured image with the reference image, where the reference image was captured when the device was being held at a height aligned with the heart of the user.
19. The mobile device of claim 15 further includes instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to capture an image of the user with a camera, compare the captured image to a reference image of the user, detect the height at which the device is being held relative to the heart based on the comparison of the captured image with the reference image, where the reference image was captured when the device was being held at a height aligned with the heart of the user, and compensate the calculated blood pressure value in accordance with the detected height.
20. The mobile device of claim 15 wherein the processor generates a blood pressure value by
representing the oscillogram with a mathematical model, wherein the mathematical model is defined in terms of parameters with unknown values, the parameters indicating finger systolic pressure and finger diastolic pressure and specifying a nonlinear blood volume-transmural pressure relationship of the fingertip artery;
estimating the parameters of the mathematical model by fitting the mathematical model to the oscillogram; and
computing brachial systolic pressure and diastolic pressure using the parameter estimates.
21. The mobile device of claim 20 wherein computing brachial systolic pressure and diastolic pressure further comprises use of a transfer function.