Spiral laser welding methods for joining metal
Laser welding methods include focusing laser radiation onto a first metal sheet disposed on a metal part, optionally with one or more intervening metal sheets therebetween. The laser radiation is steered to trace at least one spiral path to spot-weld together the metal parts. The laser radiation includes a center beam and an annular beam to maintain a stable keyhole. One method is tailored to weld aluminum parts, e.g., with high gas content and/or dissimilar compositions, and the laser radiation traces first an outward spiral path and then an inward spiral path. The center beam is pulsed during one segment of the inward spiral path. Another method is tailored to weld steel or copper parts having a coating at an interface therebetween, and the laser radiation traces an inward spiral path. The interface may be a zero-gap interface, or a non-zero gap may exist.
1. A laser welding method for joining aluminum, comprising steps of:
focusing laser radiation onto a first aluminum sheet disposed on an aluminum part, the laser radiation including a center beam and an annular beam surrounding the center beam; and
controlling the focused laser radiation to trace a plurality of paths on the first aluminum sheet so as to weld the first aluminum sheet to the aluminum part, the controlling step including:
tracing an outward spiral path while sustaining respective first powers of the center and annular beams, the outward spiral path starting at a central location and spiraling about and away from the central location,
after tracing the outward spiral path, tracing an outer path while ramping down powers of the center and annular beams from the respective first powers to respective second powers, the outer path being peripheral to the spiral path as viewed from the central location, and
after tracing the outer path, tracing an inward spiral path toward the central location while first (a) ramping up the powers of the center and annular beams from the respective second powers to respective third powers, subsequently (b) sustaining the third power of the annular beam and repeatedly pulsing the center beam between its third power and a lower fourth power, and finally (c) reducing the power of the center beam and annular beam.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reducing step turns off the center beam and ramps down the power of the annular beam from the third power.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the reducing step ramps down the power of the annular beam to zero.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aluminum part is a second aluminum sheet.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the outer path includes a closed loop that completes at least one full circuit about the central location.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the outer path is an open path that does not complete a full revolution about the central location.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein aluminum melting caused by the controlling step terminates at a depth that is within an interior portion of the aluminum part.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first aluminum sheet and the aluminum part is cast aluminum or a cast aluminum alloy.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the first aluminum sheet is extruded aluminum or an extruded aluminum alloy and the aluminum part is cast aluminum or a cast aluminum alloy.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein:
one or more intervening aluminum sheets are disposed between the first aluminum sheet and the aluminum part, and
the controlling step welds together the first aluminum sheet, the intervening aluminum sheets, and the aluminum part.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the controlling step further comprises, at the central location and prior to tracing the outward spiral path, ramping down the powers of the center and annular beams from respective initial powers to the respective first powers.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the first, second, and third powers of the annular beam exceeds the corresponding one of the first, second, and third powers of the center beam.